The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Essay

The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Filipinos - Essay modelUnder the first SAP implemented for the Philippines in 1981, the objective was to reshape a largely protectionist regime under the Marcos dictatorship into an export-light-emitting diode economy through trade and financial liberalization and tight credit policy. However, incidental events proved the SAP strategy wrong, as evidenced by the depreciation of the Philippine peso by 10 percent in 1983, double-digit inflation and unemployment, declining wages and the unimproved quality of exports due mainly to starting time merchandise costs and cheap labor. During these years, political opposition to the martial law government of Marcos was escalating, which became a across the country disturbance when top opposition leader Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1984 by suspected Marcos hit men. This led to massive capital flight that forced Marcos to call a snap election in 1985, in which the widow of Aq uino emerged victorious. As the GDP began to grow by a moderate 5.6 percent under the stake IMF-WB program undertaken for the Aquino government (Lim & Montes, 2001), the economy suffered one setback after another as Marcos loyalists held disruptive rallies and turn out up soldiers separately staged a series of military coups from 1987 to 1989. This paper examines how SAP failed the Philippines, specifically how and why its required policy reforms marginalized women in the Philippines in terms of meeting their rights to education, health and livelihood. 2. How SAP Worked Against Philippine Women The SAP destiny for an export-led strategy of economic growth created shifts in the use of land and other resources, reorganized mathematical product processes, and changed production relations as well as existing social institutions (Sparr, 1994). This was generally how SAP worked to the disadvantage of Philippine women. On land use, for example, one of the main thrusts of SAP is to re move subsidies from agricultural production intended for local consumption and to re-channel the funds instead to the production of cash crops for the export trade (Sparr, 1994). Rural women in the Philippines augment the meager income of their farmer-husbands by engaging in the backyard production of crops that can be sold in the local market. Moreover, women share farm work with their men especially in seeding and harvesting. When the incentives for growing crops with a ready market were taken away, the women lost an important source of income to the detriment of her family (Elson, 1995). The problem was that government promoted export production although realism prices were extremely low (Lim & Montes, 2001). In the Philippines, land was transferred from the traditional crops of rice and corn to the production of sugar cane, bananas and pineapples with a concomitant increase in the size of holdings and greater mechanization but also a rise in the number of landless househol ds (Elson, 1995). The main result was to further marginalize women in crop production as they are largely excluded from sugar cultivation. Rural women in the Philippines farm for home production and the local markets and rarely is it done for the export

Emergency Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emergency Management - Essay ExampleIt mainly manufactures cars and trucks, with famous brands like Cadillac, Buick, Pontiac, Chevrolet and Opel etc. The comp all operates worldwide in 34 countries (General Motors, 2008a).According to the accounts from our employees, the tornado powerfully ravaged our Sport utility program make up and torn off some metal shield from the Plant. But our employees have carefully privy themselves in the protective basement that was built for this purpose. However, only one of our employees, a supply truck driver, was hospitalized and our Plant was shut down for weeks as a result of ruins left behind by the tornado. However, our employees also suffered monolithic loss of their personal airscrew and materials as the tornado devastated their homes.In spite of our enviable Health and safety device Scheme, which includes using the best technologies in the world to ensure that our employees are safe in the face of any disasters, natural or artificial, it is necessary that a new crisis management plan should be set up. We already have an alarm system that quickly alerts our employees of any impending dangers. I would suggest that the following systems be implemented for optimal performanceLegal backing We have approached the Governor of Oklahoma to assist us with a legal backing in form of a Tornado Relief Bill that would nominate tax credits and other financial assistance to GM employees that have lost their valuable property during the disaster (Allbusiness, 2003).I take the blame for not suggesting all these important facts before the disaster struck. I am sure that with these ideas I have given above, we would be able to prevent future capacious damage to our

Event ads and sales promotion for viejas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Event ads and sales forwarding for viejas - Essay ExampleSome of the stores were non up to the mark for such a store and didnt match up to the decor of the place 3. There wasnt as much value for silver in the outlet However, spate did seem to enjoy all the activities at the outlet such as bowling, the casino, the video game section and so on. They also seemed to really appreciate the customer service at the outlet. So, all hope isnt lost for Viejas Outlet. (yelp.com) Since the quality of products from the various stores in the outlet is really non something that the outlet can control, it makes more sense for the outlet to concentrate on flocking mickle to their stores by grammatical construction up on their strength the diversion, and then giving people incentive to leverage from their stores. Once people construct a good time and get incentive to purchase, they volition. Following is a promotion dodge that go away bring people to the store and help improve sales. A promo tion strategy is the discourse strategy of an agency defined, along with the tools that are to be used to spread the word. (Obringer) The ultimate Gaming helper This is a contest in which consumers will be invited to the outlet and can register to participate and be crowned the Ultimate Gaming Champion. ... The way out will be spread out over a time period of 8 to 12 weeks. All people who enter any of the entertainment zones such as the arcade, the casino, the ice rink, etc. will be given a booklet when they purchase their ticket. Then, at the dying of their play, their points will be entered into their booklet and they may take it home. The next time they play, their points will be added again and so on. Whoever manages to collect the most points in each activity at the end of the time frame, will be given coupons worth $500 to shop at the outlet and the individual who collects the most points in total will be declared the grand prize winner The Ultimate Gaming Champion and c ould win $2500 worth of vouchers to shop at the Viejas. There can also be weekly prizes worth $100 for the top scorer of the week. Benefit of the activity This activity will have many benefits if executed. First, it will get the attention of the consumer. Second, it will ensure customer return, repeatedly, if they are hooked to the game. Next, it will attract a crowd for some of the games and catch their interest. When this event is promoted, it will create a bombinate for the Viejas Outlet and even if it just for the sake of the games, people will flock to the stores. Sales Promotion ideas for the event Just randomly conducting the event for The Ultimate Gaming Champion on its own wont do. It is essential to promote this event among all so that there is a response. While is it true that not everyone can be reached, it is essential to at least spread some awareness so people may show some interest in the event. Some sales promotion ideas that can be used are (Allen) 1. A teaser ca mpaign To create come buzz about the event, there can be small

Six Thousand Women Missing in Top Management Jobs Assignment

Six Thousand Women lacking in Top Management Jobs - Assignment ExampleA sizeable proportion of women is not organism seen at the top echelons of management in public, private or legal bodies. The phenomenon is being observed across nations despite the development index or political ideology and is also not specific to certain(a) sectors but is spread across sectors with some variations. Equal Opportunity Commission recently in a study (as cited by Curtis 2007) informed that the glass ceiling is holding back women in Britain from top 6000 positions to pee the representative proportion. A survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2006) showed that in Cyprus, women hold only 12 % of the top executive positions. African women hold only 0.9% of key management positions and the world over the average percentage of women ranges amongst 10% and less on both sides of the Atlantic. (Mnganga, 2003). Most of these studies also observed that women are entering the men with equal qualifications but progress to top echelons is hampered. International Labour Organisation (ILO) noted in its proceeding (ILO, 1998) that womens access to top management posts was still severely restricted though they frequently matched or exceeded their manful counterparts in terms of formal qualifications and technical know-how. There are three issues attached to this phenomenon requiring incisive inquiry. Where do these women disappear & what happens to them Does it matter and to whom What should be done, if it matters Where do these women disappear & what happens to themWomen are valued if they take care of family responsibilities and depravity versa. Working mothers try to balance work and family. Visible and often invisible barriers emerge from the sexual percentage of labor. The work culture also has a long inheritance of male dominance, which celebrates masculine qualities nested in slowly hours, old boys network and informal networks. (ILO, 1998). The task of balancing both the worlds tak e its toll and many women skip treading on a stagnated path and do not actualize their potential. Some quit in betwixt to remain at home and in the process strengthening the stereotyped role of women and probably not even fuelling the ambitions of next-generation daughters to conquer the sky. Though some of these women break away to form their own enterprises and studies suggest that these enterprises do remarkably well. Only very few women succeed in breaking the glass ceiling. (Treanor, 2007 Bawden, 2007).

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summary - stress ExampleThe article used the annual report that was allegedly published by the Organization for scotch Cooperation and Development (OECD) and was just recently made available. As disclosed, the OECD report contained as frequently as 565 pages and expand an array of teaching-related topics relating from early childhood to the pursuit of higher(prenominal) education. The trends were mention to have been gathered, collected, and presented with information from members of OECD member countries much(prenominal) as Australia, Israel, Japan, Korea and the United States ( level par. 1). Likewise, other relevant education trends were also gathered from specifically mentioned countries which allegedly give out to the Group of 20, but were non-OECD member countries, such as China, Brazil, and India. In discussing the topic on education and the recession, the antecedent noted that the major developments in higher education pertained to the effect of gaining a college le vel on the set out of unemployment. As stated, graduates of higher education were less affected by unemployment, as compared to high school graduates. The statistics that were noted included the following unemployment rates for college degree holders rose from 3.3 to 4.7 share from 2008 to 2010, compared to an increase of 4.9 to 7.6 percent for those who had only realized junior-grade education (Redden par. 2). It could therefore be deduced that for college degree holders, the unemployment rates grew only by as much as 1.4%, as compared to the 2.7% growth rate in unemployment for students who were noted to have only completed secondary education. Likewise, Redden also emphasized that those who pursued higher education and graduated with degrees were lesser prone to be affected by widening employ gaps. It was specifically cited that while in 2008 a man with higher education could expect to earn 58 percent more than his counterpart with a secondary degree -- and a woman 54 percen t more than her counterpart -- by 2010 these figures had increased to 67 and 59 percent, respectively (Redden par. 3). The wage gap was more prominent for males at 9% gap from 2008 to 2010, as contrasted to the wage gap disclosed for women at only 5% from the same period. The statistics on student mobility was also expounded. Trends on students opting to study in foreign countries were most prominent during the decade where percentage increase of 99% was revealed from the 41,000 in 2000 to 4.1 million in 2010. Likewise, Redden disclosed that more than 52% of these students who travel to other countries were of Asian descent. From among the countries mentioned to be best-loved as destinations for educational pursuits, the following were revealed in descending order United States (which attracts 17 percent of all international students), the United Kingdom (13 percent), Australia (7 percent), France (6 percent), and Germany (6 percent) (Redden par. 6). Another interesting fact was tha t although the United States was the top preferred destination for pursuing higher education by foreign students, the 17% rate was actually a significant decline from a high of 23% in 2000. In discussing the degree attainment and access, Redden focused on presenting findings in terms of percentage of an identified population or age-range (25- to 64-year-olds) attaining higher education the role and performance of gender, specifically women who pursue

Destructions of Rainforest Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Destructions of Rainforest - Research Paper ExampleFor example, The Amazonian rainforest of South America contributes 20% of the worlds oxygen. Rainforest contributes to pharmaceutical developments in the world. Flora and fauna in the rainforest be used in production of approximately 25-40% of pharmaceutical products with a minimal percentage of native career tested for use. Recently, human activities have drastically reduced the size of rainforests. Most scientists argue that tropical rainforests typeface exhaustion through the current deforestation rate between the years 2030-2050 (politics.co.uk, 2012). Background Human nuance has led to degradation of rainforests. The rise in human population and the quest for fertile land for floriculture contributed to loss of most forests. Advancements in civilization during the industrial revolution led to increased demand for note fuel and fertile land for agriculture. Improvements in transport and communication affected rainforests. D eforestation accelerated in the 20th century. The modern version for destruction of rainforests was for commercial purposes. Commercial logging, deforestation to create space for origin rearing became reasons for rainforest destruction. Creation of European sugar plantations in coastal Brazil and Caribbean propagated rainforest destruction. ... Controversies lore argues that destruction of rainforests has negative impacts on the earth. Destruction of biodiversity and indigenous culture is promoted. Desertification and land degradation promotes loss in soil fertility and Greenhouse Effect which reduces the planets ability to recycle carbon dioxide. stinting and politics play roles in deforestation. Most rainforests are found in developing countries, which are characterized by weak political and social institutions. Developing countries depend on timber, land for agriculture, and other valuable resources for economical development. Palm oil production and soy industries pose a thre at to deforestation. Conservation measures enforced by the developed world do not reflect the interest of developing countries. This controversy has led to the consult on conservation of rainforests as a rich-poor agenda. Guidelines used to curb rainforest destruction are flouted by some governments. A country like Brazil faces criticism by environmental organizations like ecumenical Fund for Nature for continuous logging and deforestation practices. Despite this opposition, the developed world cannot be charge for international pressure. Surveys conducted reveal that most European countries react meagerly to stop illegal importation of timber and other rainforest products. Among the EU states, UK is singled out as the only state that monitors its sources of timber. Consumption of timber products in developed countries remains to soar. The timber products fetch smart money from developed countries than developing ones (politics.co.uk, 2012). As a result, indigenous communities fr om rainforest areas suffer from catastrophe decline. Mortality rates have increased because of diseases like flu, rubeola and smallpox.

Importance of Diversity in Most Organizations In the Global Market Research Paper

Importance of Diversity in Most Organizations In the Global Market - look for Paper ExampleHowever, this miscellanea which meant variations in beliefs as well as in attitudes had posed nearly challenging concerns for a wide array of companies and businesses all throughout the years. To manage such differences has happened to confront various organizations. The problem of diversity had been present for such a long time ago. In fact, the past of to each one organization had been marked by the discriminatory processes such as discriminating item-by-items because of certain preferences on individuals race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, and others. In order to address this concern, the United States had even developed an anti discrimination law. Currently, it had been mandated by the government that companies should forget about diversity through requiring a non diversity chemical formula on every organization. ... In this manner, the companies had gone further than just following the government legislation as they tried to use the differences among their employees for their own advantage. Despite the diversity issues, organizations had managed to recruit and retain those with best talents and skills to make the union work on its utmost efficiency. Aside from that, this global diversity had also contributed to the economic advantages of an organization. Given that diversity had been regarded first as a concern but this ever growing diversity in the workplace could be leveraged to the advantages of an organization, the focus of this account should delve on the importance of diversity in most organizations in order to be competitive in the global market at present. Basically, this paper would take into reflexion looking at the current condition of organizations management on global diversity. This paper also aimed at figuring out the importance of differences in the most organization which could be utilise for its own advanceme nt. By this, this would also like to identify the types of diversity that could play a significant fiber in an organization. This would also seek to analyze the effectiveness of an organization as it had dealt with the concern on diversity. In this study, only one measure of whether organization or company had supported a management bearing which recognized and respected the differences of characteristics of individuals, was assessed. This research was limited in a number of aspects especially in the methodological analysis that had framed the study. However, this would be supported by the qualitative data as well as the lively literatures. Meanwhile, the necessity to conduct this study could be backed up

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Poem - Essay ExampleCollins Introduction to Poetry, consist of seven stanzas. Collins opens the first stanza with the line, I ask them to take a numbers. This sentence contains three objects I the generator or speaker, them the listeners and meter. The poet urges to take the numbers as an object and not just s throw out or occupy it. By comparing poem as an object, Collins uses the metaphor as the figurative language. Once poem is considered as an object then it can be compared to any other objects. That is why one can notice abundant use of metaphor for poem throughout this work. In the second line, the speaker asks, and expect it up to the light instead of asking to read it. However, when this line is coupled with the third line, like a color slide everything becomes apparent. Collins uses figurative language simile - the object poem is a color slide. Of course, projection of a color slide has to be done using light. The poet creates a strong vision in the first stanza t hat says one can see all seven colors of the rainbow in the poem if one knows how to hold it to the light and see it.The second stanza consists of one line Collins electrifies the reader with intrigue, or press an ear against its hive. He uses the metaphor and compares poem to a honey-drippy hive that produces a buzzing articulate as well as conveys both danger and anticipation.The third stanza, I say drop a mouse into a poem, and watch him probe his way out compares poem to a labyrinth. The preposition into instead of onto makes the stanza blotto defining poem as a three-dimensional object. Through this metaphor, the poet states that one has to understand the labyrinth of the poem to get out of it.In the fourth stanza, Collins uses double metaphors compares the poem to a three-dimensional manner and content of

The March That Started a Movement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The March That Started a Movement - Case Study ExampleTime has come to praise the contribution King do to free the African American community from the slavery they were forced into for years by their white oppressors. This audition is significant for those who live in third world countries, in the end giving them the faith that, mavin day, they will also occasion strong leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.King was a minister from Alabama, who would later become the leading voice of the civil rights movement. For that, he traveled across the country, concurrently arranging protests and establishes to bring attention to the fight which African Americans faced on a everyday basis. Like many before him who had sought to end social prejudice and in howeverice, King was thrown in jail on several times through with(predicate)out the ordeal he sustained a individualised viewpoint of peacefulness as a means of succeeding. He thought that taking a agonistical attitude would perhaps j ust formulate things of inferior quality, with the accurate way to success being achieved through avocation of both truth and acceptance. King is perhaps most famous for his approach during the Civil Rights Movement. He too would be impacted by the events of the movement, or by means of eminence at ministration become diehard. In fact King and Quaid i.e azam were the best symbols of the historic civil rights movements of the 20th century which lookd to set up the lives for a greater part of the worlds common people. They established the efficiency of diplomatic tactics and by this means were able to help to decrease the violence and hate, with the purpose of triumphing over colonialism, as well as formally imposed cultural unfairness.In 1962, frustration had become widespread in African American communities throughout the country. The African American unemployment rate was twice as high in comparison to the rate of whites and sadly, study human rights reforms had not yet been ac complished. Asa Philip Randolph, labor leader and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, had label the suggestion of a march as a need for jobs and freedom. One of the most essential points of the march was the demand that Congress be interested in the process leading towards the anticipation of civil rights legislation. Negroes had become irritated by continued unfairness. Their definitive ambition was total, unqualified freedom for themselves. The mainstream white progressives were heated by the rough treatment given to the African American community. The march in the beginning was considered to be an affair, which would serve to remedy the distressed circumstances faced by the blacks in the South, along with an exceptionally free prison-breaking on the road to placing organizers concerns, as well as their objections, squarely before the seat of power in the nations capital. They proceeded to condemn the federal government not being in favor of human rights and corp oreal protection of civil rights workers and blacks that lived, by and large, in the South. On the other hand, the factions did submit to presidential demands and authority of the Executive outset of government.Historically, most would consider the March on working capital as an especially momentous occurrence, not just in the United States, but the rest of the world as well. In excess of 250,000 people came to Washington in their bid to insist that equal opportunity for blacks are given and that Congress must

Ddbates concerning knowledge are not relevant to accounting and its Essay

Ddbates touching knowledge are not relevant to chronicle and its practice - Essay physical exerciseAs such, knowledge has its limits some synthesis of object matter is inquireed through reasoning to prepare discovering. To objectively generate new knowledge various sources of knowledge exists that include induction, intuition, observation, experience, testimony, and introspection among others. Plato cautions that those seeking to understand knowledge must distinguish it from opinion. For example, business relationship statements stick out to be viewed objectively other than subjectively in creating reality and true knowledge. In my view, knowledge is fixed, absolute, and eternally true while opinions are changeable. Therefore, for one to be a true knowledge seeker, then they must naturally not consent to opinions, but have to strive with unwavering passion to establish the requisite nature of things that constitute facts. However, it is not certain that accounting operations can lead to such knowledge or truth, making knowledge not an essential consideration in accounting profession. On the other hand, Juan (2007) defines accounting as the art of collecting, analyzing, recording and posting, summarizing and coverage financial results in a significant and orderly manner, aimed at providing useful concepts essential in conclusion making. Juan (2007) explains that accounting operates on clearly defined fundamental principles those working in the profession have teeny-weeny discretion in influencing the out found of end results from accounting practices. First, accounting operates on a going concern principle, which assumes that a business entity will continue its operations for unforeseeable future without termination. Secondly, accounting assumes that businesses are lawful entities different from owners. In my view, the above two concepts in accounting are much based on assumptions rather than reality, which implies their application may not lead to reality or truth, but have been put in place to facilitate a standardized approach in accounting statements under a conceptual framework. Such assumptions may not lead to truth or reality in knowledge. Hines (1988) argues that the personate of knowledge on which the profession of financial accounting is based shows that such professionalization took place a round a number of personal qualities such as respectability, honesty and independence, unlike other professions which defy the existence of knowledge as the legitimate way to claim expertise and professionalism. Hine notes that the knowledge foundation of accounting profession is problematic in order to advance the accounting profession and maintain its credibility, there was need to stem such threats of the profession caused by the underlying knowledge foundation. For example, accounts perceived in high visualise in ethics and morality will presents a perception of reality and truth in their statements compared to those who d o not. This explains why some accountants may be preferred over others. Therefore, the increasing advocacy for a conceptual framework is perceived to be the best way to counteract the threat of accounting profession to affectionate legitimacy in the accounting profession .According to Hines (1988), a conceptual framework will bring unneurotic national accounting standards, sound accounting rules, stock exchange requirements, and other statutory requirements, which may leave from country to country. In my view, a conceptual

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

History - Essay ExampleThey were also against the reforms that were legislated by the state because they had a election for individual freedom by choice. They majorly favored agricultural farms and independence in the rural areas and the right to self-command of slaves. Their agenda at this time was rapid involution in territories whether by purchase or war. Their of import focus was to progress by external growth.On the other hand during the 1840s period was the Whigs. They too had their governmental interests. Contrary to the democrats, the Whigs were a party of modernization. They looked into the needs of the future. Their main interest was the hope of the people of America. They strategized the use of federal official state governments to spear head the growth of the nation especially the transport and banking sector.(Holt, 30) writes that they facilitated reforms in public schools, prisons and temperance. As opposed to the democrats, they favored free labor, industrial and urban growth. They were opposed to war and favored gradual expansion of territories as opposed to the democrats who favored rapid expansion of territories through conquering and purchase.The candidate that was chosen to flirt for 1844 elections was called James Birney. He only managed to win 2% of the total votes but managed to get most of the votes from the northerly part which was majorly Whig dominated. On the other hand of the opposing party, were the non-abolitionists who opposed the expansion territorial conquering. This party win in 1848 with 10% of the popular vote. Martin Van Buren was the party candidate. However in 1852 they lost half plowshare of their support because their candidate had rejected the compromise made in 1850.In 1860, the democrats party split when they were defeat in a defending platform concerning slavery. The convention was held in Charleston, South Carolina. (Holt, 34) points out

Organizational Culture in Multinational Corporations Research Paper

organisational Culture in Multinational Corporations - Research Paper ExampleThe socialisation in general and broad-spectrum comprises of assumptions, beliefs, values, norms, customs, artifacts, and some(prenominal) other components, likewise organization also have its norms, values, principles, and policies that makeup characteristics of the organization. In the view of many experts and theorists, glossiness can come under illustration and distinguish itself on three levels (Schneider, 1988). Behavior and artifacts are considered the most(prenominal) obvious and manifest level as it encompasses the behavioral structure of the populace of a particular culture. set or the principles are the subsequent levels that motivate, inspire, and figure out the actions of the people. Assumptions, hypothesis, values, and attitude are the distant and rooted level and considered the most vital and imperative level to apprehend (Schneider, 1988). In order to understand the effective surgical p rocedure of the organization, it is pivotal to identify with the culture first as it is a complete experience of the happenings and circumstances that encircles the absolute population of the world (Alvesson, 2002).Although organizational culture has come under analysis and study from a unspecific variety of aspects, yet it does not have a solitary and distinct definition as it is modify and tricky to articulate in a noticeable or apparent manner. Some schools of thought steady refer the organizational culture as a system where the key in elements are the response and opinion from various characteristics such as the general population, laws, and ethical, moral and competition principals. The beliefs, hypothesis, ethics, and customs based on factors such as time, money, people etc. amalgamate as a process that produces the output in the form of the consequences including the organizational behaviors, strategies, policies, products, brand image and many more (Brenton &Driskill, 2 010). For the last few decades, organizational culture has gained substantial recognition, and outstretched and broad acknowledgment amongst the employees of the organization as it has been a pivotal source for identifying and bonnie aware with the behaviors and attitudes of the human systems. Organizational culture is the combined recipe of principles and attitudes that make up the inimitable and distinctive shared surroundings and atmosphere for the enterprise (Brenton &Driskill, 2010). In other words, organizational culture is the merger of values, beliefs, experiences, assumptions, put down and unrecorded rules and regulations, policies and viewpoints of the organizational members that contributes in the companys brand image, internal working environment, communions and dealing with the external sources, and upcoming prospects and opportunities since the time the enterprise initiated until the current date (Alvesson, 2002).

Success of Product Repositioning Strategy for Class B Office Essay

Success of Product Repositioning Strategy for Class B Office Development in capital of the Russian Federation - Essay ExampleMy company hired by a real estate investments fund, an witnesser of this station, determined commercialized contract to arrange food marketing campaign and to look at these buildings as residential property. The reasoning behind this strategy is quite simple. On one hand, relatively smallish investors receive opportunity to invest into lucrative say-so property market in Moscow, which has 10-12% rate of draw on investment compared to 5-6% that of residential property market. On the other hand, property developers receive so more desired cash significantly decreasing the whole property development cycle and improve their own rate of return on investment. The classical scheme (when office buildings are kept by developers to receive consider income or sold to strategic investors interested in regular income stream provided by lease payments) is modified with a new buy woof for typical clients (lease holders) and completely a new option for residential property investors. Despite late severe turbulence on the equity markets and overall negative attitude towards any long term investments our group managed to achieve remarkable results. The success of the strategy is be by retail sale of a number of office buildings in Moscow. The purpose of this essay is to lucubrate how theoretical strategic tools can be used in a real business occurrence to identify new business innovations and to assess how close the theory is to reality. The strategy theory undoubtedly provides reusable tools for assessing current situation and identifying new opportunities. Elements of Five forces, basic supply demand analyses, Value creation model, ERRC (Eliminate, Raise, Reduce, and Create) grid, indisposed customers and non-customers issues are theory tools used in the analysis. The analysis consists of macro and micro examination of the current com mercial property industry situation in Moscow, and formulation of new opportunities in the office property vault of heaven of the industry based on the above analysis. The description of the real estate investment market in Russia In the situation of global market economic crisis, investors are becoming more risk opposed and switching investment portfolios in favor of core assets like gold and real estate. Investments in property market in Russia in 2011 demonstrated 46% year on year growth with the highest volumes of 7 bn USD (See Exhibit 1 Investment volume dynamics), of which the commercial real estate sector accounts for about 95% (See Exhibit 1 Investment by sector). 2011 in Russia was remarkable by the rising number of abroad capital investments, which comprise around 45% of the total investment volume (See Exhibit Investment by investor origin). The reason for this is potentially high demand almost on all sorts of commercial property. Retail and office segments usually dom inate the sector investments having 40% of total investment volume each (See Exhibit 1 Investment by sector). Moreover, the deal size increased in 2011 the number of deals exceeding 100 mn USD increased to 33% of total number of deals compared to 23% 2010. The market sector prime yields in Moscow stabilized at 9% in office and 11% in warehouse sectors in 2011 from the recent highs of 11.5% and 14.5% in 2009 (See 1 Exhibit Prime yield dynamics in Moscow) reaching pre crisis levels achieved by the market in 2007-2008. Historically, the office sector in Moscow has been the most attractive for

What did the ancient Hebrews(ancestors of modern Jewish people)believe Essay

What did the ancient Hebrews(ancestors of modern Jewish people)believe at the end the Babylonian Captivity, or virtually 500 BCE - Essay ExampleIn this outline, we look at three major prongs the nature of God, Yahweh, the core value of the faith (Torah) and the organization of the faith at around 500 BC.As Hansen and Kenneth (53) note, in the ancient Hebrew, God was a haughty being. He posed a lot more than just one personality. To the Jewish tradition, God was and still is a lawgiver, a judge, a liberator, a creator and many more titles all of whom manifested depending on the specific situation or a specific point in time. To them Gods way of doing, things were marvellous in their own way. This definition almost cuts crossways to the view of the Christians, however in this case, the concept of Yahweh changed depending on a specific point in time. This is wherefore the concept of God at around 500 BC saw him as a supreme being. The tradition recognised there might be in possessi on of been the existence of other gods.In the traditional scope God was seen as limitless however as Jacobs Louis notes, there were three prongs all of which focused on giving the nature of God from different perspectives. These are the Maimonides, who did note that God had prior knowledge magic spell man was seen as free secondly Gersonides, noted that man is free, while god does not exact the sole knowledge and lastly, Hasdai Crescas, noted that god has the sole knowledge of every knowledge. Although there may have been people who may have believed in the existence of God, There are time when these views obscure the adjust nature of God hence the rise of various groups all with their view about God. Examples of such groups were the atheistical (Hansen and Kenneth 54).The study of Torah guided the core values of faith in the Hebrew religion. The Jewish has applied the similar torah in the current period, and it is the basis that creates a direct linkage to what was done in th e olden times to the current period. It is considered imperative (mitzvah) in the Jewish tradition to learn and uphold the values of the law that guides both the faith and creates

Discussion on developmental Democracy Research Paper

Discussion on developmental Democracy - Research Paper ExampleTo cleanse comprehend the strands of republican impression it is crucial to understand its origin in early liberal musical theme (Held, 2006). The concept of social democratic politics has emerged from the beliefs and theories of developmental land but it actually fructified in the certain politics and policies of the popular Keynesian and interventionist state only after the 2nd World War. The fast economical development after the 2nd World War helped finance a program of make-believe test of greater well-being but the worldwide economic recession of the 1970s reduced the appeal of the welfare program for not serving the ca accustom of common welfare by both the left and the right. mingled stakeholders of the concept of greater social welfare such as politicians, trade unionists and industrialists could not hold the great mullein together any more but the concept of equality and moreoverice for all cleared the means of a comprehensive program of state intervention in civil society. But no fatal limitations were stipulated for the state intervention, thus promoting paternalism, bureaucracy and hierarchy throughout the state politics, which had their own outcomes on the dynamics of republic (Held, 2006). developmental majority rule is one of the classical models of democracy. It holds that community can bring about change for the give way in society through participation in government and community matters for the common welfare of all. Developmental is a part of democracy that states the process used by people to inculcate human art to help in creating consciousness of their actions aimed at people themselves to take care of their overall welfare. Citizens play an prompt role in government and local administrative matters via voting and sharing their opinion with the elected representatives, and besides with the government spokespersons. Democracy becomes a medium of educating peopl e and increasing their self-welfare potential. Politics offers a platform to them to use their power of taking crucial decisions in other fields. The developmental model employs indirect representation just for the reason that direct involvement is not practically possible like participatory democracy. Developmental democracy offers the possibility of political and social equality. In general, the development model takes it for granted that people can evolve civic traits and improve upon their human virtues by actively playing their part in democracy (Library, animadvert Quest). The purpose of electoral democracy is to promote social and political awareness but this notion inclines to provide greater attention to the professionalization of public policy by laying increased focus on political parties and civil society ignoring the fact that democracy is not only of the people and by the people but for the people. Worldwide, a new inclination is being observed towards consumer democ racy taking the place of citizen democracy with citizens playing various roles such as consumers, customers, users, and observing of government offerings as products available in the rival of those only who have the resources to buy (Edigheji, 2005). Thus, negative trends can be observed in the form of sectarist disputes, parties divided on the distribution of private wealth, and disinterest of

Victim’s responsibility Essay Example for Free

Victims righteousness EssayAccording to Karmen (2007), the read/write head of victims responsibility ignore be reduced to six, listed from to the lowest degree to most guilty. The first is 100% guilt free victim, a victim that exponent be the victim of a random disgust. After this, in that respect is victim proneness, the specific kind of victim I harbor chosen for the first example used. Proneness is actually the adaption of a risky lifestyle that leaves one outspoken to crook mischief without actually precipitating it in any way.The next stage if victim facilitation, where original ingredients for a crime are left in the vision of the criminal, such as wearing currency rings in a crime-ridden part of town. Then there is victim precipitation, where the victim has goaded the criminal in any(prenominal) way, leading to a crime. After this is the worst, victim provocation, where the victim has attacked or otherwise mistreat the criminal to such an finish that the c riminal becomes such involuntarily. Lastly, the 100% guilty victim, the victim creating a crime for various motives, getting attention, etc.For this project I have chosen two bump off cases the first, the murder of Lana Clarkson by famed music producer Phil Spector in 2003, and the more recent murder of Meredith Kirchner by Amanda be (et al) in 2007. Given the turn out of the two cases thus far it is likely that both perpetrators are guilty. coxswain has confessed to the murder of Kirchner, and, while the jury is still out on the Spector case, it does not look good. This essay will, for the interest group of the course, assume that both Cox and Spector are guilty.The first case happened in February of 2003. The victim, a long epoch actress in secondary roles, was working part time in a local, trendy nightclub in Los Angeles. She met Phil Spector, and, only after a few hours, was in his mansion, where she was murdered. Spector says that she killed herself and was complaining of being down (Guardian, 2003). But the question of victimology is given in a (2003) op-ed piece by Wesley Strick, who chides the victim for getting into a limo with a stranger, or, barring that, that Mr.Spector was no strange, and had a reputation for violence and preposterous behavior (Strick, 2003). Hence, this case seems to flirt amongst victim proneness and Mr. Stricks clear statement of victim felicitation. While it is true that working as an attractive hostess in a trendy bar is itself risky, the fact that she would have no qualms roughly getting into Spectors limo with only a brief amount of time together may well bleed into victim felicitation. The second case I chose was the more recent murder of British college student in Italy, Meredith Kerchner.As of this writing, Amanda Cox, one of her murderers, has been convicted in Italy after a confession (Owen, 2007a). But Owen (2007b) holds that there was a certain level of victim felicitation. The reports of this case show that Miss Cox was mentally unstable, and that some of her roommates were very interested in vampirism and violent images (comics, etc). The reports on this case all suggest that violent depend on games were planned Holoween night, and that Miss herchner was killed for refusing to play them.But it also is clear that the victim knew of these propensities, though not of their extent (Owen, 2007a) It seems that staying in this company goes a bit beyond victim proneness (thought this can be argued) and their Halloween antics might show a greater tilt towards victim felicitation, similar to the above case. Regardless, in both cases, the tokenish one can claim is that both victims were prone to crime and were living risky lifestyles. At the equal time, the decision to get into the car with Spector is parallel with the decision to stay with roommates and friends who had already shown some inclination to bizarre behavior.Hence, one can hold that both victims facilitated the crimes they became the victims of. At the same time, neither of the two victims mentioned above can be convicted of any of the more extreme forms of victim guilt, that of precipitation or provocation, at least with the evidence so far uncovered. If, for example, Miss Kerchner was involved in the sex games, and then withdrew, then one could suffer the claim that she was precipitating the crime.ReferencesFor the Lana Clarkson case na (2003, 4 February). B-Movie Actress Named as Shooting Victim. Guardian.Strick, Leslie (2007, 18 April) Lana Clarksons pine to Black. Los Angeles Times For the Meredith Kerchner case Owen, Richard. (2007a, 7 November) Meredith Kerchner Killed After Refusing Orgy. The Times Online (http//www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2821154. ece) . (2007b, 9 November) Meredith Killed for Refusing waste Sex. Times Online. (http//www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2841412. ece) For the victims typology Karmen, A (2007) Crime Victims An Introductio n to Victimology. Thompson-Wadsworth.

The Coming of Age in the Jewish Tradition Essay Example for Free

The Coming of Age in the Judaic Tradition EssayMy prohibition Mitzvah ordain be taking place on my 13th Birthday, 27th of January 2002. I would wish well to invite you to the Lords Supper in my local Synagogue.The ceremony is held on the first Shabbat after my birthday, this leave alone be the 2nd of February. Shabbat starts on Friday evening at sunset and it finishes on Saturday night when the stars appear, we rest on Shabbat we pay ourselves to prayer at the Torah study, it is a family time.Bar Mitzvah content son of the commandments. I will be exactly Bar Mitzvah on the 27th as soon as I aftermath up. From then on I will be an adult in the Jewish community, I will take responsibility for my own actions where my Father used to, and I make a commitment to my faith. I will enter a covenant relationship with God, both as an individual and as a part of the Jewish community.When we are Bar Mitzvah we will be able to form a minyan, which is the required 10 men needed prese nt in a Synagogue before prayers freighter be ascertain.In preparation for the ceremony I will befool toGo to classes to learn to read and chant the Torah in Hebrew, what it says and why it is important. Hebrew is especially hard to learn because it is written from right to left(a) and there are no spaces, punctuation or vowelsI will learn how to couch on my tefillin and tallit. The tefillin are special boxes Jews wear when praying they contain pieces of parchment with prayers written on them. They are worn on the head and arm because the arm is close to the heart and the head is closer to my thoughts and feelings. And the tallit is a prayer robe worm during morning prayers. It is a four-cornered square of white cloth worn everyplace the head and shoulders and has tassels called tizits, although they will not be worn at Bar Mitzvah as it is a Shabbat and they arent worn then.I make to learn what the mitzvot are and how they are to be kept. They are the 613 commandments the 10 commandments cognise in Christianity are included also.I also have to learn to observe the fast says and festivals of my faith and what they mean.I learn these things because they are necessary to afternoon teach me about my religion and to make me understand its origins correctly. I learn them from my parents, not only from direct teaching but also from example, they create an environment for Jewish living for me to learn everything.During the ceremony held in the Synagogue I will order a grace of God from the Torah. My Rabbi is testing me on it. I have to practice the blessing and pass my test before I can recite it at the ceremony. I am also going to read all of the Sidra for that Shabbat, this means a portion of the Torah that would have been read at that Shabbat.My Father will recite Baruch Shepatarani. This readsBlessed be he who has freed me from the responsibility for this child.And also, my Rabbit will then give a sermon, he speaks to me about the upstart obligations I will have and I will then give a speech.I have invited many people to my Bar Mitzvah, friends and family, including my little sister Marie, who is very excited, as she will be toss Mitzvah in two years. Bat Mitzvah is the same as Bar Mitzvah only it is on her 12th birthday as girls mature earlier than boys do. It has not always been marked as a ceremony and is always sometimes on Shabbat. She will receive Jewish books and gifts and will recite a surgical incision of the Torah, as I will. Some Jews are unhappy with making any difference of opinion between the Jewish responsibilities of boys and girls. They hold Bat Mitzvah ceremony much like the boys Bar Mitzvah, unremarkably when the girl is 13 as well.Order of the ServiceThe service will be held in a special order, I thought you should know what will happen.* The Rabbi will read first* A relative or a friend will read (we havent decided who yet)* Everyone recites the Shema.* The Amidah prayer is said taciturnly by everyone* The Torah scroll is brought out of the Ark and placed on the Bimah.* A blessing is recited over it by me, I will be wearing my Tallit and Yarmulke* Then I will chant the days section from the Torah.* I might chant a section from the Prophets.* My Father says the Baruch Shepataraini.* All say prayers for the Queen of Israel, while scrolls are replaced in the Ark.* The Amidah prayer is said again.* The Kaddish prayer is said (for the recently bereaved)* The Aleynu (prayer of adoration)* Last is the Hymn of airThe Shema is the most important Jewish prayer.The Ark is the most important part of the Synagogue the Torah scrolls (Sefer Torah) are kept inside. They have to be read with a tool called a Yad, so the Torah is not touched with hands.After the ceremony n the Synagogue hall straight after the service there is a small celebration, tea and biscuits will be served.Later on there is a large banquet, some people gestate there is too much emphasis put on the banquet and that more shou ld be put on the Synagogue ceremony, Rabbis think this especially. During the banquet I will deliver another speech to my friends and relatives. The Rabbi will choose the topic of my speech. I will receive presents score my friends and family, but the most important will be the Jewish holy books, because I will keep them forever and pray and worship off them.I hope you can come to my ceremony, I would love to see you there.

A bachelors degree Essay Example for Free

A bachelors floor Essay later on obtaining a bachelors degree in marketing five years ago I never imagined myself going back to instruct and trying to pursue a masters degree in primal childishness education. Every since I can think back to my childhood I require had so galore(postnominal) great teachers. I have al moods value them not only as an educator but as a strong and compassionate individual. My interest in education began with my daughter, and spending a great amount of term as a p arnt volunteer in her classroom. In the classroom is where I developed a passion for working with kids, and fostering them learn in a creative manner.I feel that children work out out the best in me. As a p arnt and educator I find myself not just a person who nurtures and cares for children, but someone who is excited to see children learn. I have taught my children how to be someone with good morals and ethics. I have helped them view education in most validatory way. I strong bel ieve that the early years of a childs life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a clock at which information can most effectively be absorbed.In put to hold in that our children the emerging of our society get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and experienceable educators are ready(prenominal) to provide this knowledge and increment. Two factors have contributed to my decision to pursue my education at the graduate level. prototypal, by ensureing graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as conductor or admistative coordinator at a preschool. In addition, I seek further education in order to refine and improve my level of knowledge and skills educating young children.I feel that graduate school leave behind enable me to discuss and investigate contemporary issues that are of chief importance to an educator practicing in to sidereal days society. 2. How do you see the process of graduate r eputation in early childhood education helping you take in your personal and businessal goals? The process of graduate study in early childhood education leave alone strengthen my ability to lead as a director in quality programs in early childhood education. It will provide me with the tools and skills need to provide leaders and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers.Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perseve the importance of theories used in early childhood education. It will give me a chance to look and apply those theories and practices used in a classroom setting. Third, the process of graduate study will help me slay knowledge so I can effectively conduct research studies pertaining to young children. Some studies which I am eggar to conducted are studies concerning the bulky term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching childre n though play can help children enjoy learnering.My personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education are, it will help me be able to understand and apprehend social and cognitive development of my own children. It strengthen my relationship with my children and with children in general and, make it easier to perceive there way of thinking. 3. In what ways do you project to make a contribution to the profession of early childhood education? As a profession of early childhood education a plan to make a going away though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children.I will give instruction others nigh the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned though graduate program and apply into the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood educ ation programs for the future generations. 4. What are your expectations from the Masters program in primordial Childhood Education at California State University, Long Beach?First of all I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Masters program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned though out the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and structured that research into a preschool setting.It will broaden my understanding about the importance of cultural diversity in a classroom setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas which I can possible specialize in. The masters program will give me a chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Thinking back to my c hildhood, I have had many great teachers. I have always valued them not only as educators but as strong and compassionate individuals. I have helped them view education in the most positive way.I strongly believe that the early years of a childs life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children, the future of our society, get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or administrative coordinator at a preschool.It will provide me with the tools and skills needed to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, and day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perceive the importance of theor ies used in early childhood education. Some studies which I am eager to conduct are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children through play can help them enjoy learning.The personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education include understanding and perceiving social and cognitive development in my own children, strengthening my relationship with my children and with children in general and, making it easier to perceive their way of thinking. This sounds rather repetitive you are overusing perceive and being a little too general here. As a professional in early childhood education, I plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children.I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned through my graduate program and apply it to the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. Again, this is rather vague.First of all, I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Masters program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are that it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned throughout the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate it into a preschool setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas in which I can specialize.The masters program will give me the chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Try to come up with some more(p renominal) specific goals. When you are vague, it makes it sound as if you really dont know much about the field you requirement to specialize in. You might want to read some articles about issues in early childhood educationwhat is arguable in the field? what is cutting edge? and include some information you have gained from your reading, to show that you are well-versed in this area.

Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Persuasive saving EssayWhen signing up to be an organ donor you usually think only your study organs will be used however, something as small as a ligament of yours is used in popular surgeries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. When someone tears their ACL they usually have a choice to have an autoplasty, or use one of their own ligaments, exactly they basin in like manner train to have an allograft, or deport a cadavers ligament to repair it. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, alone I personally think that the wagerer option is the allograft because I think the advantages are better than exploitation your own ligament from a nonher part of your body. The advantages consist of hot operative time, less post-operative pain, and a faster recovery time.When taking a cadavers ligament it decreases the time of the operation. Since the surgeon doesnt have to take time to harvest and prepare the allograft as he or she would have to do with an autograft it saves a little time. The big time saver though is non having to make two antithetic incisions and not having to cut the tendon that would be taken from the patient. This advantage is perfect for the many people who cant be under anesthesia for that long (Cluett). Since the operative time is faster due to not having to make two different incisions, the pain after the operation is a lot less pesky than the autograft.Less post-operative pain is due to no incisions in the patellar tendon or the severing of the hamstring tendon to obtain the graft. The only pain you will be left with is the actual come start of the ACL alternatively than additionally having pain in the tendon that would have been cut. Janice Lloyd, the medical reporter from USA Today states, when using a cadaver ligament the incision is usually smaller thus creating less pain on the incision site (Lloyd). Lifting of the leg is much easier and a lot less painful since the hamstring was not daunted ho wever, numbering is still going to be just aspainful since the ACL is the major ligament being pulled when you bend the knee. Less pain significantly helps lead to a faster recovery.The Recovery is essentially faster in an allograft because of many reasons. Dr. Zane Uhland, an Oklahoma City Orthopedic surgeon says, The incisions are smaller therefore, helping the site be much difficult to become infected which could not only cause even more more drastic pain, but can also cause you to have to have another operative procedure to drain the infection (Uhland). The hamstring not having to be cut can help to disallow a dramatic loss of strength back there therefore, allowing for less physical therapy time. Since the replacement ligament is not taken from you, you only have to focus on rehabilitating on the main muscles supporting the knee and make them strong again.Cadaver ligaments or allografts are a better choice and have better advantages than autografts when repairing a torn ACL . Although they do have their disadvantages such as infections like any major surgery, it is very improbable for that to happen these days when done properly. I personally experienced ACL reconstructions twice throughout my lifetime. I was tackled on the football field while I was cheering at a football game. His helmet hit my knee, and blew out my knee causing my ACL to tear. When I met with my doctor they gave me the option of which surgery I wanted to try. I got the perquisite of trying out both methods using my hamstring ligament the first time then a cadaver ligament the second. The hamstring option not only put me in the worst pain of my life, but also failed after three months of returning to cheerleading. The cadaver ligament was not only a lot less painful, but the healing process was dramatically faster and physical therapy wasnt something I dreaded going to anymore.

Regions Chart and Written Response Essay Example for Free

Regions Chart and written Response EssayContinued to treat the African Americans poorly.Paid poorly wages just cared or so having a name and the money. Social reform movement. Farmers were politically active.SocialGrowth of industries caused a gap amongst generous and poor in this region. Political views clashed. Labor union formed first here. Still had step on it issues. Segregation and discrimination continued. The Chinese immigrants and the white settlers had cultural differences that led to friction. Riots and discrimination laws. Gap between rich and poor. A lot of friction. Active labor unionsEconomic or Type of EconomyCenter of the industrialisation during the first and second industrial revolution. Producing more than 85% of the United States industrial products. very(prenominal) low on industrial output. Had textile mills and ironwork industries. Agriculture involved timber, coal, iron and steel. Little industrial development. Natural Resources was their primary (prenominal) thing such as limber and metals. Agriculture as well. Farming and manufacturing.Steel and automotive. Upper states we bear on of industry, a hub for shipping and transportation. Population Change some(prenominal) immigrants began to come. 1 out of 5 industrial workers was an immigrant. Very high population. African Americans leaving to sassy factories in the North and Midwest for a better kick downstairs at good wages and improve theireconomic and social standings. Immigrants from China came to the West looking for jobs on expanding the railroads. Sparse Population.Cities grew rapidly.Large numbers of immigrants.Transportation200,000 miles of railroads connected cities by the 1900. The necessity of coal led to mining. expectant transportation systems. New railroads stretched as far as Florida.Major railroads connected the West to the East.Railroads and Trains contained livestock and grain. ruin 2 Respond to the prompt in a well- developed paragraph of your own. Be sure to include social, political and economic factors in your response and fully address all parts of the prompt. Explain how the endorse Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest. Which region would you have preferred to live in during this period? why?The Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West and Midwest mostly by population, economy, and social changes. Many immigrants came to these regions searching for a better life or founding out information on new technology because of this, it led to a lot of social friction between the immigrants and the settlers of the region. Political views clashed, segregation, riots and discrimination laws were occurrent while immigrants were coming in.These regions had to work with what they had and what they can use, this created the different types of economy such as industrial, manufacturing, farming, agriculture, etc. I wouldve preferred to live in the northern region because it was more develope d in industries and technology.

Transfer From Hofstra Essay Example for Free

Transfer From Hofstra EssayI wipe out come to a point in life that many people have non. I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams. plot of ground t present atomic number 18 those who believe that with an ounce of chance and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no designer to expend so much energy and rely on luck. Life is simply too presently and too precious to be left to luck al angiotensin converting enzyme. After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far go achieved at this prestigious University. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Hofstra University a and made the most(prenominal) of it. One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for donnish excellence age balancing life with other activities and contributions. I am proud of my academic record at Hofstra University, where I maintained a 3.35 GPA, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time business and community service. Yet I feel that in order to reach my full potential I need to be in an environment that best caters to my interests and goals.The world is fast becoming a borderless place. Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications. In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity. My former school, Hofstra University, did not have the comparable diversity that I see environment where cultural diversity is promoted. This is why I believe that this educational environment is the perfect place for me. Not only does this University exceed my expectations but it is also enjoys a planetary reputation.I have learned from my parents two jurisprudences the law of learning and the law of givi ng. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced this University is a great mark off for the law of learning. That is why I believe that this move is a crucial step for me. My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals.It is said that the one thing that goose egg can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well. I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and connected to this model of community service, particularly that students apply business skills to subject social change.I bring to this campus a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited from a multi-cultural mentoring program in high school. As an open-minded student, I believe I am able to contribute to not only the cultural diversity, but also the global vie ws of the learning community. My experience and perspective will greatly benefit those that I will be able to interact with on campus. I look onwards to the rich academic and cultural experience that this fine University has to offer.I have also always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities. I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution. That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will be able to contribute to the campus community if given the opportunity to do so.While I personally believe that there is no such thing as a innocent lunch and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance. there are those, however, who are unfortunate in life and therefore I also believe in component others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nat ion, race or creed. I believe in cosmos a better person so I can best help myself and others around me. I believe that this academic environment is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities. I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application.

Family run business Wyncraft Essay Example for Free

Family run crossway line Wyncraft EssayAs a Family run business Wyncraft produces lofty quality decorative home wear, ranging from mainly wooden products as strong as high quality pottery, decorative metals and table decorations. Wyncraft go forth produce these quality products by using wood from solitary(prenominal) sustainable Norwegian Forests to maintain the future of the business and the environment from which the products natur each(prenominal)y and originally derive from.Objectives rung directs of Wyncraft Wyncraft operates with several(predicate) levels includingTechnical the practical job bureaus involved with issue of goods, staff per degree tasks set bulge by manager and supervisors etc. Workforce atomic number 18 usually without authority and controlled by managerial and fellowship level staff.Staff at this level-* Jack in addition to one full-time and one temporary member of staff in the sanding and varnishing section* Fred, Albert (Tub) and JR (Joh n Roberts) are hands on in the moorage division and 8 full-time toil staff,* Despatch employees 3 full time staff and one driver Graham* Part-timers and home take a leakers assembly assistance* Assistant/secretary Jean Hudson,* Yvonne human resources role,* ravage gross sales, staff office as well as the booksManagerial the technical level interrelates with the managerial level, which is concerned with the co-ordination and integration of work at the technical level. Generally supervisors/managers, the main role is to outline the special(prenominal) requirements to the technical level form the community level. Other roles include dealing with customers, clients and suppliers.Staff at this level * Harry manages and superintends all operations of the attach to providing him with high responsibility and authority.* Jack manages the sanding/varnishing subdivision* JR oversees the production departmentCommunity the board of directors, this level makes decisions of how the familiarity is to be run by the other interrelated levels. They are responsible for the operation of the nerve as a whole they run through authority to provide regulations/requirements in which the rest of the organisation mustiness comply with. In addition this level interrelates with the managerial level to inform of such procedures.Staff at this level * Harry* Jack* Albert* FredAll the brothers above are the owners/directors of Wyncraft where as Harry has much of a managing director role. Although the brothers are at the community level they do operate in the technical level and near operate in the managerial level too.The three levels community, technical and managerial can be represented in a draw to show the interdependence and authority levels. The diagram highlights the fact that each level could non survive without the other levels.WyncraftMemorandumTo Harry RobertsFrom Ryan JohnsonDate 5/12/04Re The importance of good organisational structureAlthough in that resp ect are many factors and constraints, which can affect a conjunction structure at that place is a need to establish a framework of order and system of govern by which the work to be undertaken is accomplished successfully. This implies that attention be given to the design and murder of the confederation structure.Structure can make or break an organisations (Mullins 2002 p.536) Organisations are groups of people brought together for a specific purpose, for this to be achieved successfully people need to be organised within the best possible structure. (Mullins 2002)In relation to Wyncraft it is necessary to organise and formalise the company into a structure in order to string out successfully and attract and recruit new staff. Good organisational structure can be a mover of dividing responsibilities and tasks equally and fairly amongst executives to ensure a simple, effective and useal process for Wyncraft.At present it would count that Harry Roberts has a higher responsib ility level than his co-owners, it can cause pressure for one somebody to have the studyity share in responsibility. It is not good for the company or Harry to oversee all departments and company functions, the role should be shared to ensure that quality is being produced within Wyncraft. If there were shared roles in high responsibility tasks then this could guarantee service and production are of an grateful standard for Wyncraft.Furthermore specialist staff within managerial department roles could provide Wyncraft with higher standards and production leaving the executives more time to concentrate on further selling and expansion.Wyncraft Proposed Organisation Chart on that point are many possible structures for organisations to use when considering producing an organisational chart, function, area, process, product and customer.* Function most common structure used, involving the company being split up into departments or specialisations.* Area used by large national or mul tinational businesses, the concept being that co-ordination is implemented from Head Office to ensure that efforts are not duplicated when different locations carry out similar activities.* Process this is used when requirements for different skills are needed, for example when product is manufacture it passes through several stages requiring different skills for the stages of the process.* Product This is used in large organisations or for companies that have coarse product ranges.* Customer this is used when a business has different types of customers who need different and specialised sermon or modified service or products.Most organisations will structure themselves in a federal agency that a variety of structure options are used, different departments could be structured using a different format.In relation to Wyncraft it is appropriate to consider using chart structures that are relevant to its production and process. Although all options should be considered I propose t hat Process and Function are more practical in harm of Wyncraft.Looking at the above descriptions of structure options Product, customer and area can be ruled out, this is collectible to the coat of the company being relatively miserable in comparison to large multinational companies and the product range generally quite limited.It is important to remember the main function of the company production of environmentally friendly quality home wear, which leads on to the need for clear process and function management.Read moreFamily Run BusinessProposed Process chart for WyncraftHow Wyncrafts product is manufactured requires different departments/functions with different skills etc. The diagram above illustrates the process in which the product is made which highlights the need for a clear functional process. With a sufficient functional chart or structure then the process above can be implemented.Departments such as personnel are necessary to be part of the company but are not nece ssarily part of the process involved in the production of the product. Therefore although personnel and merchandise etc. need to be considered a separate structure chart is not necessary at this stage.Proposed function chart for WyncraftOrganisation FunctionsAn organisation consists of departments they usually take the following format* force out the function of Personnel is typically to control recruitment, provide staff training, promote legal and safety requirements and create policies and procedures.In relation to Wyncraft personnel Yvonne manages issues and although she does not work full time for the company she takes a leading role in this department. Harry oversees this department and manages this role if necessary to cover any period of time Yvonne is not present. Being a company that only employs 48 people many of the typical functions of a Personnel department are not carried out. The kind of issues Yvonne would deal with within Wyncraft would be the less formal and i n the flesh(predicate) aspects of Personnel for example staff absence etc.* Production typically the function of the production department includes manufacturing the product, establishes priority order for consumer demand, works within standards and budgets and maintains flow of production.In relation to Wyncraft the main focus for the company is production, the list above does reflect the function of this department in Wyncraft well. The production department is responsible for cutting shaping, drilling and preparing all the wood used in the production of their home wear products. They are heavily reliant on machinery and control machinery maintenance and must adhere to safe practice as well as storing and controlling materials.* Sales typically this department sells the product and continually looks to expand and increase sales for the company.In relation to Wyncraft Harry mostly undertakes this role and concentrates on targeting major department stores and smaller (high qualit y) main(a) china/gift stores. Sales for Wyncraft is different to most organisations as selling direct to customers would actually most likely loose custom for the company. Sales for Wyncraft are expanding overseas due to the success of their web rascal the main function of this department now is to concentrate on expansion overseas to supplying to the major department stores.* Marketing generally consists of establishing consumer demand, promotes the product, examines the market and conducts market research.In relation to Wyncraft it seems apparent that there is no actual department for this function. Harry oversees this role and perhaps as part of his sales he also implements some form of marketing, however as Wyncraft is a small company it is realistic that there is no specific marketing department. Strong client family relationships with major department stores could provide Harry with enough fellowship on consumer demand and market research etc.* Finance this department d eals with all monetary aspects of the company. emblematic roles include, balancing accounts, planning and expenditure, wage and salary administration and account management.In relation to Wyncraft Yvonne is responsible for final payment and accounts Harry takes control of the company accounts, all companies no matter what size need to manage their accounts and evidently pay their staff. Wyncraft does not have a specific finance department due to the small size of the company.* Purchasing this department would generally be in charge of buying in materials required for production.In relation to Wyncraft all wood is bought from sustainable Norwegian Forests and quantities are provided from the production department, the product range for Wyncraft is small and therefore no specific department is required to buy repeat materials.* Research and Development this department usually provides improvement for production methods and processes through research, identifies new technology and researches new products.In relation to Wyncraft there is no research and development department although progress has been made on the technological aspect with the implementation of the successful web page.Interdependence between these departments can vary between companies in the case of Wyncraft where not many specific departments exist then it could be assumed that the dependence occurs without recognition. The finance department will provide obvious constraints to all departments because without funding they cannot function. The main function of Wyncraft is obviously production and without this the other functions would have no purpose. Sales department is reliant upon production and vice versa because without demand production is pointless and without production sales are not attainable.Relationships within Wyncraft= Line relationship= Functional relationship= Staff relationship= Lateral relationshipStaff can operate with more than one relationship an example of this is Harry who operates in a staff relationship with his secretary, a line relationship with JR and Jack Roberts and also a lateral relationship with many of the other members of staff.

The Economic Problem and how it Affects Society Essay Example for Free

The Economic Problem and how it Affects Society striveDefine the stinting problem. Explain how individual consumers, backing firms and the government are all faced with the economic problem. Identify the different economic featureors that influence how each group seeks to address this problem.The economic problem occurs because of the fact that the supply of resources used to produce goods and services are limited or finite but in that respect is an infinite amount of demands and wants of individuals. In other words, the economic problem is consequence of limited resources, but countless wants. Individuals essential decide what is the best item to corrupt with their limited resources. This is called opportunity cost, which involves the consumer determining which goods and services pull up stakes provide the most satisfaction and value for money. In marketplace economies, consumers pack sovereignty over the market and thus they influence which products are produced and the amount produced. However, many businesses persuasively advertise unwanted or excess goods and services to certain consumers, which can result in a misallocation of resources.In accordance to the economic problem, businesses have a number of issues to address What to produce? How to produce? How much to produce? To whom to distribute?What to produce Firms must decide which production combination of goods and services forget involves the least cost but result in the largest amount of produceHow to produce refers to what method of production of the selected goods and services Is the most cost effective and economicalHow much to produce involves predicting the amount of goods and services that will be needed and demanded. Using these statistics, the business will attempt to produce a quantity of goods equal to or as close as realizable tothat amount. This prediction is usually based on the amount of consumption, demand and profit of the previous year.To whom to distribute t he proportionality of distribution of goods and services across the country, state or region, according to consumer demands and availability of transport.The government has a regulatory role in the economy through the control of taxes and redistribution of income. For example, when an economy has a low level of economic activity, the government can increase its expenditure on things such as infrastructure, and could lower taxes to encourage consumer and business spending. Similarly, the government could decrease spending and increase taxes to influence saving and less shopping splurges, to reduce the economic activity.The Reserve Bank can also act as a regulator and can dramatically alter the direction of an economy. The Reserve Bank can raise and lower interest rates which influences domesticated saving and investment, and also affects foreign investment. For example raising interest rates would encourage foreign countries to buy Australian dollars to capitalise on the interest o f their investment. The government has some bearing on the actions of the Reserve Bank, as yet its influence is quite minor.

Middle School Essay Example for Free

snapper School EssayAs we start this red-hot take year, I wish to welcome only of you to Roberto Clemente Middle School. In the previous year, we have introduced and developed new ways to teach students and maximize their capabilities in learning different keep downs and disciplines. Even if there are problems encountered along the way, your efforts and inputs have been vital to create new methods and alternatives to address these issues. As we enter to school year 2009-2010, I encourage each one to enshroud supporting our projects and endeavors to further develop student growth and achievement. Through the years, Roberto Clemente Middle School has sought to correct our education and facilities by constantly training teachers and introducing new practices wherein they put up learn and develop. At the same time, to figure the challenges of 21st century education, our faculty and administrators have aligned new systems of instruction and presented new ways to appraise in formation with the use of new technological alternatives. To cut across pursuing our vision for excellence, Roberto Clemente Middle School shall continue its pursuit of effective instruction as well as dwelling into new ideas that back tooth remediate practice.We believe that for your children to grow and develop holistically, it is crucial to raise appreciation and motivation. Due to this, our programs are focused on setting the balance between what students need and your expectations. We deem that this process keep create new avenues for our students to set about adaptive to the changing trends of the current time. This year, we seek to improve our state scores by addressing on subject areas that are lagging behind standards. For example, we have hired some new and experienced Math teachers.Their inclusion into the faculty can help encourage our teachers to learn and develop in the process. At the same time, our educators in English and Math have undergone seminar and traini ng to introduce and develop new teaching strategies available today. This can help them address further your childrens needs and develop a better learning milieu in the classroom. These together with the results shall be communicated to you accordingly in the meetings we shall be setting up for you.To ensure your mapicipating participation and involvement this year, Roberto Clemente Middle School has come up with different programs and schemes that enable everyone to extend part in helping reach our vision and goals. One approach we seek to do is encouraging parents and guardians to take part in meetings. The time frame for this would be the second week of July which would run from 9am 300pm. In here, I and teachers shall be available for consultation and open forum of significant and relevant issues that may be of interest for everyone.At the same time, part of the responsibility of teachers is to enhance communication is by formally paper letters showing the progress of your children in school. This can actively give you insights and ideas of his/her standing compared to other students. Likewise, it can encourage sharing of opinions and thoughts on issues significant for your childs growth. With your inputs and opinions, we can derive new approaches and schemes that are suitable on both parties.These approaches can help you in monitoring the progress of your child and decision ways to participate in guiding and exploring opportunities for improvement. It is through these aims and goals that I seek to promote the necessary plans for this school year. Your participation and cooperation in these initiatives can help us recognize these visions and remain to be dynamic and responsible for every action we pursue. Again, welcome to Roberto Clemente Middle School and thank you for your trust in what our school can offer for your children.

Does Herodotus believe in Cultural Relativism Essay Example for Free

Does Herodotus believe in Cultural Relativism EssayFor its time and place, The Histories of Herodotus is a work of remarkably expansive scope. To jell the stage for the wars betwixt Greece and Persia ( 490-479 B. C. ), Herodotus describes the geographical and cultural background and reviews the political history of Lydia, Media, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, Scythia, Libya, Ionia, and various Grecian city-st takes in Asia Minor, on the Aegean islands, and on the European mainland.To record the results of his research (historie, in classical) with the greatest vigor and accuracy, Herodotus traveled to many of these places and gathered firsthand data from native informants. For this type of research, in the words of a modern commentator, Herodotus merits the title non b arely of the father of history he is also the father of comparative anthropology. Among the various classes of teaching which Herodotus seems to set about emphasized, thus suggesting a pattern for later descripti ons, were marriage customs, religious rites, burial practices, and food habits.The description of these quartet categories of traits, or social institutions, were not necessarily executed in the round for every tribe that happened to amble across the pages of the Histories tho they were mentioned often enough to indicate the direction taken by his curiosity, and the content of the questions he probably put to informants. Herodotus, the ancient Greek, was a cheerful, inquisitive, rationalistic extrovert who traveled over his realness to clutch the facts, who took delight in telling a good story but usu bothy avoided the temptation to shop very far from sober parking area sense.His cultural relativism is fountainhead known and much discussed, but it is specially noteworthy that Greeks and barbarians are placed on a equal footing at the outset. Distinctions amid Greek and non-Greek break down as the work progresses the first barbarian for whom we get any detailed information i s the Hellenized Lydian king, Croesus the divisions of lands customary among the Greeks that shed light on Greek and non-Greek peoples are purely arbitrary we learn of the Phoenician descent of Spartas kings and Herodotus states that the posterity of Perseus came to be counted as Greeks.The get a line duality is not the Hellenic-barbarian bipolarity, but rather the opposition of the ordered union based on law and the arbitrary rule of the despot. except political and social institutions are lean structures, and Herodotus gives no guarantee that the Greek superiority at the time of the Iranian Wars, which was based upon those institutions, will last. In fact his work closes on an ominous note that appears to warn imperial Athens that it is in jeopardy of becoming, if it has not already become, the barbarian.We are presented with the gruesome picture of the crucifixion of the Persian satrap Artayctes at the command of the Athenian commander Xanthippus, father of Pericles, and a piece of wisdom from the Persian founding father, Cyrus, on the dangers of success and affluence. And it is well to remember that Herodotus wrote long after the Persian threat had passed, when Athenian imperial power was at its apogee. Herodotos bear on in reciprocality is symptomatic of contemporary philosophy, not least in Ionia.Moreover, Herodotos very project, his attempt to relieve and explore the Persian Wars, sight be considered as a study of reciprocality in cross-cultural interaction, not least because those wars were for Herodotos a stage in a reciprocal, cross-cultural process, as he asserts in the proem. Indeed, war it self may be seen as an exchange, a reciprocal undertaking the tactics of the Skythian Idanthyrsos allow him to net war while explicitly rejecting the relationship that war usually entails.Herodotos origins in western Asia Minor, a key area of interface between Greek and non-Greek culture, may hold back led him to give particular eyeshot to the iss ue of cross-cultural reciprocity, as also to the Persian Wars, for which the Ionian Revolt had been the catalyst, if not the cause. At the identical time, the justice and injustice of imperialism remained a burning issue through and through the fifth part century into the fourth, and not only Persian imperialism, but also Athenian, Spartan, and Macedonian.The Persian Wars were the great antecedents of the Peloponnesian War, in the early years of which Herodotos seems to tolerate unblemished his work. The Persians themselves continued to play a major role in the government of the Greek world the onset of the Peloponnesian War seems to devour inspired new attempts to deal with them, and with former(a) non-Greeks, as indicated in comic style in Aristophanes Akharnians of 425 BC. 25 This is understandable, for it was to be Persian resources that would give ultimate victory to the Spartans in that war.Thus, it is quite possible that crosscultural reciprocity was a topical concern in Athens and elsewhere when Herodotos completed his work, though the issue had been close to the centre of Greek preoccupations at least since the time of the Persian Wars, Herodotos subject. The Persian Wars had reinforced a Hellenic self-image, defined by contrast with the barbarian identity, and had thereby further problematized relationships between Greek and non-Greek. In particular, Greeks (especially Athenians, perhaps) could and did use their defeat of Persia as confirmation of a broader superiority over the barbarian.In exploring the difficulties of forming relationships with the other, Herodotos Histories present readers with failures and disasters, arising primarily from ignorance, over-confidence, and cultural chauvinism. There is a definite element of pessimism in the Histories, for the inability to spread beyond contingent nomoi and thereby to see other as self is taken to be an evident feature of human reputation, as manifested throughout the narrative. In particular , wars are seen to be the products of injustice and attendant ignorance.But there is also hope for the author claims for himself the ability to rise above commonplace failings and offers to provide his readers with a better understanding of themselves, of others, and of reciprocity. Like Kroisos, the reader may pass into a state of deeper understanding through advice confirmed by experience. Where Kroisos had the advice of Solon and suffered personal disaster, the reader has the advice of Herodotos the author and suffers vicarious disaster, experiencing experiences.Baldry notices that Herodotos calls into question the whole dichotomy between Greek and barbarian, when he presents the Egyptian perspective, according to which barbarians are not those who do not deal Greek, but those who do not speak Egyptian. At the same time, as Laurot has shown, Herodotos displays no interest in condemning barbarians as such, nor in subordinating them to Greeks. Rather, his presentation in the Histo ries of nomoi of the barbarian other offers insights into the nomoi of the Greek self (or better, selves), insofar as the various Greek nomoi constitute Herodotos principal frame of reference and benchmark.However, as Rosellini and tell valuably stress, Herodotos does not present the barbarian other as a monolithic unity, any more than he presents the Greeks themselves as a unity rather he ranges across the different nomoi that exist among barbarians and through the complexities of interaction between various barbarian peoples. The Histories are not so much a mirror, as Hartog would have it, but a hall of mirrors with multiple reflections.The key point is that in the Histories cultural differences, however labored they may be, are presented as secondary to a common human nature and a common human condition in that sense too Greek is barbarian, self is other. The categories of Greek and barbarian are familiar to Herodotos, but on his view, as the proem indicates, they need not enta il the subordination of the barbarian, whose achievements are to be celebrated also. For Herodotos, it is humanness that is the natural identity and the group identity that matters, and man-made variations are merely contingent, for all their exotic character and interest.Confirmation of such a view of Herodotos may be found in the condemnatory response of Plutarch, for whom Herodotos is far too positive about barbarians. The ferocity of Plutarchs response (indeed, his very purpose to write a response at all) further indicates the strength of the challenge that Herodotos case presented to the smug asseverations of Greek specialness that seem to have developed through the fifth century and which Plutarch in his day faux to be right and proper. Cross-cultural interaction was central to Herodotos project in the Histories.At the same time, the knobbed nature of reciprocity the uncertainty that arises from its under-negotiation is curiously apparent in interaction across cultures. I ndeed, Herodotos concern with the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon can be seen as intimately bound up with his concern with cross-cultural interaction. Of course, Herodotos starting-point is a matter of mere speculation. But we can and should observe the organic relationship between cross-cultural interaction, crosscultural reciprocity, and the problematics of reciprocity as a phenomenon.It is precisely within the problematics of cross-cultural reciprocity that the appreciation of cultural relativism is particularly necessary. Therefore, if we move from the claim, already mentioned, that there is a strong sense in which the Histories are about reciprocity to ask why Herodotos should be so interested in the phenomenon, I would suggest that an answer is to be found not in the topicality of reciprocity as a theme in the later fifth century, but in the rationale of Herodotos very undertaking.A broadlybased treatment of the Persian Wars by its very nature invites a simultaneou s and inherent treatment of reciprocity as a phenomenon. To examine societies is to explore forms of reciprocities. in all the more so, when societies invite comparisons through their It also seems clear that Herodotus approached the task of describing manners and customs with a plum definite idea of what constituted a culture, and a fairly specific set of questions for evoking details from informants.The criteria which uninvolved one group from another and gave individuality to his descriptive portraits were common descent, common language, common religion, and the observance of identical manners in the smaller details of living, such as dress, diet, and dwellings. The Argippeans, who lived at the foot of the Ural Mountains, were presented vividly as being bald from birth, speaking a language of their own, using no weapons, dispensing justice in the quarrels of their neighbors, and grooming after the manner of the Scythians. They lived on the juice of a species of cherry, maki ng the lees into a solid cake which they ate instead of meat.They dwell each man, he said, under a tree, covering it in winter with a white felt cloth, but using no felt in summer. For each group, in other words, seven categories of cultural fact are given. We are told their geographical location and something of their environment. We are told of their language, their dress, their food, their dwellings, their form of self-defense, or their lack of it, their prestige as judges among other peoples. On the other hand, concerning Egypt, one of the more definitive culture areas, Herodotus says at the outset that he will have to extend his remarks to some length.This countryits climate, its people and animalswas a constant surprise and challenge to the observer, very much as Japan with its customs and Australia with its fauna have challenged the modern traveller. For the Egyptians the number of cultural categories evoked far exceeds the seven used in describing the Argippeans. As for hi story, Bodins precept in its power to confer knowledge concerning the ways of mankind was unfaltering and much of both the Methodus and the Republique is accustomed to the assemblage of documentation to support this contention.Never before perhaps had a writer on politics or ethnography amassed so large a body of dated materials or laid so large a literature under tribute. He was well-read, not only in the law and the Bible, but in the Talmud and the Cabala in the ancients, including Herodotus, Strabo, Cicero, Tacitus, and Caesar in the modern historians, such as Joinville, Froissart, Monstrelet, Commines and in the travelers, Marco Polo, Leo Africanus, and Las Casas.As they err, said he, who study the maps of regions before they have learned accurately the relation of the whole universe and the separate parts to each other and to the whole, so they are not less mistaken who think they can understand particular histories before they have judged the order and sequence of universal history and of all times, set forth as it were in a table.