Comparison of SMEs in India and the UK

Comparison of SMEs in India and the UKChapter 1 Introduction priming coat of bailiwick downcast businesses put downrain been the soul of every economy in the world. India and UK have also been thriving on the per digitance of this arena. The execution of instrument of the sector is highly influenced by the administration policies and the avail big businessman of finance.Purpose of StudyIn this study, the author investigates the performance of the splendid and Medium Enterprises in India and UK. The contri exception of this sector to the society on the whole. This study focuses on the importance of the SME sector in both the countries from the point of view of its contri justions to the economy. This study evaluates the importance of financing activities and the G every shopping mallnment policies in order to support and nurture the growing of this very powerful sector.Overall Aim and Objectives of ResearchThe overall aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Government an d financial institutions in the development of the tiny and middling enterprises in India (Developing country) and UK (Developed country.)ObjectivesProblems face by the SME sector in India and UK.Role of Government policies in India and UK.Role of financial institutions in providing better financing options to the sector.Background of SMEs petty(a) and medium surfaced enterprises (SMEs) be one of the principal driving forces in frugal development. This sector has been recognised as growth engine about the globe. A healthy and vibrant SME sector contri yetes in a high and sustainable economic growth. They encourage private ownership and entrepreneurial adroitnesss, they are supple and fag adapt quickly to changing market demand and supply situations. They provide employment opportunities to the masses, help diversify economic activity and make a significant contrisolelyion to exportations thitherby increasing foreign tack. bitty and medium enterprises have been defined in various ways in different countries. In India, it is known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) which is defined in term of investment required. The MSMEs allow all the enterprises in which the total investment does not outflank more than Rs. 50 million. The European Commission defines SMEs on the basis of the work force employed, total turnover rate of the business and the balance sheet total. In the US, the criteria for course credit is based on the work force employed. The main factors which give a firm the status of SME are employment and investment in fixed as lays. close to(prenominal) economies have acknowledged the need for growth and development of SMEs for industrial restructuring and have formulated national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies. Enterprise helps boost productivity, increase challenger and induction, thereby creating employment and prosperity, and revitalizing the communities.SMEs contribution to the foreign tr ade has been ever increasing. During the last decennary, there has been a considerable increase in the foreign trade arising from the products of these SMEs. The open trade policy has been a great success. The policy makers in developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and umteen other South Asian countries have been continuously reviewing their policies to help the functioning of these SME units.Chapter 2 Research MethodologyResearch is defined as an activity which is undertaken in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing knowledge (Saunders, et al, 2003). As the translation says, it is important that the study is carried on in a systematic ways which means the study should be logical and should be carried by systematic interpretation of data. (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002).According to Saunders, et al, (2003) the research should highlight the following featuresData used for study should to be cool systematically.Data should be interpreted syst ematically.The research should be carried out with the intension to draw a conclusion.According to Williman (2001), research is not merely collection of facts or information without any purpose. The research should relate to collection of facts and information with a specific purpose. The reassembling or restructuring of facts and figures without any interpretation also is not termed as research. A proper research should be a mixture of facts and figures being interpreted and should provide an answer to the research question.The data is of two types depending on the source from where it is obtained. primeval data is the data which is obtained by the researcher for some specific questions. It includes interview of the object of study. The answers are accordingly observed well-nigh to draw a conclusion. utility(prenominal) data is the data which is obtained from literature review and the internet.The gathering and analysis of primary data adds value to the dependability of the res ults of the research, in my chosen topic of study there are not enough opportunities within the time and reach of the researcher to resort to research methods of interviews or be by means of questionnaires, since the firms are widely fragmented and the small and medium enterprises in India dont disclose their secrets to anyone.Hence, the data used is secondary data which is available through internet and through various government publications. there is a sess of literature on the selected topic they can be treated as trusted source of data to carry on the research. The crucial research principles while using the secondary sources are Qualitative and Quantitative approach to research, out of which this research paper uses the qualitative and descriptive approach to cease the research question. therefore the secondary research has been used for completing the study.Limitation of StudyI have tried my level best to produce this continue to be as fruitful as it can be but there are some serious-minded limitations that this study suffers.There is a deprivation of study and not many scholarly articles are available on the problems faced by the Small and Medium Enterprises in India and UK. There are many articles which describe the importance of this sector. I had to take the use of various print media and internet sources of government portal in order to draft down the problems faced by them. Also, the grants and government policies that are provided are in exhaustive hence the study focuses on only when the main grants and policies which have guided largely to the sector.The small and medium enterprises sector is very huge and widely scattered, which comes as a constraint to collect primary data for the study.Chapter 3 Literature ReviewRole of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)SME have an important role in a countrys economic development and growth and also have been achieving the same kind of progress over the last couple of years. India as an exampl e shows the importance of SMEs towards the growth of the economy and the employment generated with the help of labor intensiveness and thus, bringing efficient distribution of resources through labor intensive doing. This segment also helps in lightening poverty and sustaining growth. Equal distribution of income also comes into picture thereof. And all this happens when the scarcity of capital exists. (Das, K. (2006)) slightly of the characteristics of this typeof policy include formation of multi-storied and flatted industrial estates for micro industries, liberal floor spaces index in plotted development of 1.5 to 1.75 for industrial sheds and 2.5 for multi-storied industrial units, 50% rebate on stamp duty and registration charges for micro and small enterprises in industrial estates and industrially backward areas.Globalization has made possible the fragmentationof all forms of production of goods and dishsacross countries and enterprises. Where large players go for a differ ent form of business models which includes bringing alongtheir traditional partners, suppliers or distributors at a different level, SMEs are experiencing a advanced form of functioning in the value chain byevolving from a traditional manufacturer in the domestic market to that of an international partner. SMEs undergo the effects, both exacting and negative, of outsourcing led restructuring of production at the international level. Because of the advantage of their flexible nature of operations, SMEs face lot many opportunities in the form of the demand for new products and services. merely the things get a little nasty when theinadequate availability of managerial and financial resources, lack of working capital, vicissitude and personnel training come into picture. (Das, K. (2006)).The Indian Small Scale Sector- An OverviewA SSI in India is defined as a unit where investment in plant and machinery, either in the terms of ownership or lease, does not exceed Rs. 10 million. In the same way, micro enterprises or the so called tiny units does not have investment in them to be surpass more than Rs. 2.5 million. The Small Scale Industries of India have a fortune of have been built through enterprise, dynamism and renewal. Since the end of the colonial rule, India has re-established itself and has transformed itself from 80,000 units to 3.3 million. The last decade of the 20th century showed steadiness. This sector of SSIs alone contributes 7 % of GDP in India. (Sahu, P.P. (2005)).Market liberalization and de-regulation are the two forces behind SMEschanging their business strategies for survival and growth. These changes have particularly been in the terms of acquiring quality certifications, creation of e-business modules, diversification to meet competition, etc. SMEs involvement in the foreign trade has to be back up by Globalization, Liberalization and WTO for the benefit of access to markets, technology, skills, finance infra mental synthesis and tax- friendly environment. (Ecotec Research Consulting (2004)).Production and Investment in SMEsThere has been an extraordinary 18% growth in the production at afoot(predicate) prices of SMEsin FY07 as compared to the previous years15.8% thereby bringing a rise to Indias GDP to 15.5% during the year. The growth in the production has been there because ofconducive policy measures, growing domestic consumption, export market, improving production methods, technology, etc. SMEs did maintain equal growth rate in respect of the industrial sector during the FY03-07 with a growth of CAGR of 17%. (Sahu, P.P. (2005)).The SME sector has also reported growth higher that the overall manufacturing sector. The sector does not only provide output in the form of final goods but also capital goods which further form the input to heavy industries. The table below is indicative of the growth of SMEs in the Indian economy.The SMEs in India Present ScenarioAs quoted by trade World, Jan. 2007, small compan ies seems to have been performed much better as compared to their larger equivalents as between 2001-06, net companies with net turnover of Rs. 1 Crore 50 Crores had a higher growth rate of 701 per cent as compared to 169 per cent for large companies with turnover of over Rs. 1,000 Crore. (1 Crore Rupees is equal to 10 million USD). The all time high of Rs. 1, 89,200 Crores of total SSI production reached in 1989-90 dramatically dropped in the next 10 years and increased later only 2001-02. afterwards that, the production growth increased at a much greater pace in terms of units, production, employment and exports. (Ecotec Research Consulting (2004)).Currently, some of the SMEs, virtuallyly ancillaries and export-oriented, are acquiring companies abroad as part of the Globalization process, catering to the postulate of global manufacturers and suppliers like in Auto Industry. Some of these units have also invested in RD globally and taking help of outsourcing, in the fields of manufacturing and services, to emerge as a global leader because of the factors such as labor-intensive manufacturing, lower becharm costs, lenient labor policies of the small scale sector. The next step to this would be a government initiative providing a risk-free environment, start-up capital, technology and training updates. No liaison the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises process, 2006, which has been passed by the Government with the help of ccc industrial associations, many government departments and lot many stake holders, is a court-ordered framework for providing capital investment to this sector, but the implementation of it involves a lot many agencies to come together and achieve it jointly. (Government of India (2005)The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act, 2006The Government of India passed The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act in June 2006 after wide consultation with more than 300 industry associations, different government departments a nd multiple stake-holders across the country. The Act is geared towards promotion and enhancing the competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The Act tries to accomplish many long standing demands of multi stakeholders in the MSME sector. Another issue was the lending facilities to SMEs but as the mindset of the banks seems to change because of entry of large no. of private banks, which in turn led to increased competition and multiple financial options, the increased lending to the SMEs is actuated because of the compulsion from the market and the expansion of the companies. The lending to SMEs from the banks grew by 69% between 2000-01 and 2005-06. (Government of India (2005)).The UK SME SectorThe UKs SME sector forms the business backbone no matter it may be the restaurant or the web designer, by providing over 33% of the GDP and over 50% of employment. There are 3.6 million SMEs but 99.5% employ little than 200 volume. Every year around 175,000 businesses registe r themselves for VAT and most of them survive by the end of the first year but, because onwards mortality rate takes hold and by the end of the tierce year approximately one third have failed.As per R3, the association of Business Recovery Professionals, as on one case, the worst places to start business would be Peterborough, Sunderland, Manchester, Bolton and Belfast with the highest bankruptcy rates, on the other hand, Llandrindod Wells, Truro, Southwest London, Guilford and Carlisle had the lowest failure rates. The failures occur because of the management failing to protect margins thus increasing its responsibility to 50%. Because of this Academy of Business Consultants believe that the founders of these businesses need the best assistance. (Sandesara, J.C. (1993)).The Qualitative challengeThe World Banks Doing Business 2007 Report places UK in the ninth position out of 175 in the world for starting a business. exactly when it comes to enforcing contracts, employing worker s, and dealing with licenses, then it is not a rosy picture, as they are ranked as 22nd, 17th and 46th respectively. This led for a need of change in the current status of SMEs. (Kondaiah, C. (2007)).SME growth the stylized factsThe international data available also claims that smaller and younger businesses experience wider variations in growth as compared to their larger and fester counterparts. However, only a bunch of these smaller and younger businesses account for bulk of employment, output or sales and producing spectacular growth fighting through the competitors. retention a sense of proportionApart from all this, the factors like innovation and economic activity still forms to be a disadvantage for the SMEs side. In the European Union it has recently been estimated that the mean share in activity of the largest four enterprises across a large sample of industries and countries was 20% with a maximum of 87%. These ratios appear to have been rising rather than falling in rec ent decades. (Kondaiah, C. (2007)).SMEs are generally backbone of the Industry. Napoleon said that British are a nation of shopkeepers. He was right much as Britain and a nation small and Medium sized enterprises.(Sandesara,J.C 1993)In the UK the Large enterprise consist of 1% and the rest 99% is small enterprises. If we consider the total working population that is 30million out of that 14.3 million is employed by SMEs. The GDP growth of U.K is 7.4% which would be out(predicate) without the growth of the SMEs as disclosed by BERR. U.K SMEs account for 1.8 trillion pound GDP despite being half the picture of the whole industry. The UK Public sector which contributes up to 1/3rd of the total UK economy attracts strong political focus. This makes the UK SME sector to be considered as fragmented and also at times ignored. But the SME sector is of vital importance as it provides to be the stepping stone for the other large enterprises to be. According to the BERR statistics for 2007, t he Small and Medium Enterprises which employ more than 100 employees but fewer than 200, employs 4.4% of the total working population but contributes 5.6% of the total UK GDP. The small enterprises are outperformed by the medium enterprises in this context. Also, the enterprises that employ more than 50 employees but less than 100 also employ 4.4% of the workforce with an overall contribution of 5.7% to the total UK GDP.There is a lot of evidence that proves that the UK economy thrives on the performance of the SMEs and that with an improvement in the performance of this sector will benefit the improvement of the UK economy on the whole. There is a need for the Government to work closely with the sector to develop the sector and also for rapid growth of the UK economy.The SMEs, mostly ancillaries and export-oriented, are acquiring companies abroad as part of the Globalization process, catering to the needs of global manufacturers and suppliers like in Auto Industry. Some of these un its have also invested in RD globally and taking help of outsourcing, in the fields of manufacturing and services, to emerge as a global leader because of the factors such as labor-intensive manufacturing, lower transport costs, lenient labor policies of the small scale sector. The next step to this would be a government initiative providing a risk-free environment, start-up capital, technology and training updates. No matter the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act, 2006, which has been passed by the Government with the help of 300 industrial associations, many government departments and lot many stake holders, is a legal framework for providing capital investment to this sector, but the implementation of it involves a lot many agencies to come together and achieve it jointly. (Government of India (2005)Measuring innovationAny attempt to assess innovative activity and performance must begin with the definition of suitable metrics. These usually fall into the two categories of in put and output measures. Inputs usually include expenditure on RD, and measures of the staff employed in RD. Output measures include patents and measures of the incidence of product, process and logistic innovations. Distinctions can also be drawn between innovation new to the firm, (which may be diffusing from a de novo innovation activity in another firm), and more novel innovation which is new to the firm and to the industry.Each of these may lead to measures of innovation intensity in terms of innovation counts, as well as measures based on the distribution of sales by novelty of product or service innovation. Broadly oration there are two approaches to obtaining data on innovation outputs. There is evidence to suggest that the object approach underestimates the innovative activity of smaller firms, in particular diffusion or incremental activity which the object approaches may overlook (OECD (1992)). The CBR has pioneered the subject approach in relation to UK data for SMEs an d so its work directly complements UK Office for National Statistics data collected for CIS2, which has along with many EU countries limited coverage of the smallest firms (Cosh, Hughes ands Wood (1998)).The discussion in the rest of this paper draws on data based on the subject approach.Innovation in the EU In reporting innovation activity in the EU this paper relies on the results of the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS2), of 1997/1998, from which charts 1 to 6 are drawn (Cosh and Hughes (2001)). Twelve European States took part in the survey (all EU Member States except Denmark, Greece, Italy and Portugal, plus Norway). The survey was intended to cover allenterprises in manufacturing with 20 or More employeesand all service enterprises with 10 or more employees. These can be split into three size bands small (10 to 49 employees), medium (50 to 249 employees) and larger (250 or more employees). This allows a comparison of innovation activity by broad sector and size over t he three-year period 1995-7. The results of CIS2 reveal that innovation activity rises with enterprise size in the EU as a whole which also shows that the result holds for both Manufacturing and Services. In the specific sense that the proportion of enterprises reporting one or more product or process innovations rise with size classes it seems that bigger is better.These results are at an aggregate EU level it is instructive to disaggregate them by country, as well as size. To do this and to illustrate the relative innovative activity of the small firms in the UK the following charts 2-6 rank countries in terms of innovation performance of small firms, weaker countries are at the left and performance rises as we move to the right. Successive charts report on the proportion of product or process innovating enterprises in manufacturing, and the proportion of product innovators in manufacturing. The same measures are then shown for services, and then the final two charts report on the proportion of novel product innovators in manufacturing, and the proportion turnover payable to new or improved products. Taken together these charts reveal that UK small firms are ranked in the top 4 in Europe in Manufacturing, and in the top 5 in Europe in Services. Moreover an inspection of the column pattern for medium and larger firms also reveals that UK small firms do better relatively than UK large firms and oddly better than medium firms. In that comparative sense smaller is better.Analysis of innovation constraints and the innovation/ performance cerebrate using CBR survey results In order to probe behind these results and in particular to examine patterns of innovation constraints and the innovation/performance link we can use the results of the regular CBR biennial survey of SMEs in the UK. These cover 2500 enterprises in Manufacturing and Business Services employing between 1 and 500 employees. The latest results are based on the 4th survey of 1999. The surveys gene rate subject-based data on innovation inputs and outputs and over 200 company specific variables on enterprise structure and performance. (A full discussion of the dataset and the results summarized here can be found in Cosh and Hughes (1998) and Cosh and Hughes (2000a)).To conclude, we have substantial matter to prove that UK economy is support by SME and that encouraging them and working with them will bring a positive effect on the UK economy.Chapter 4 SMEs An OverviewContribution of SMEsSMEs are the backbone or the draw drivers of the industrial economy. They can also be described as the engines of growth of the industrial sector. Although they are individually small, collectively they play a multiplayer role in the development of an economy. They have a multiplayer impact in developed as well as developing economies. The main USP of SMEs is low cost production i.e. the ability to manufacture low volumes profitably, meet niche requirements, capitalize on local skills and resour ces, provide outsourcing opportunities and most importantly create jobs.The sector has been consolidating over the years. What is new is the conjugation and recognition of this process and its pump priming role. Therefore national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies have been formulated to support smooth working of SMEs and to overcome study obstacles such as lack of legislation, promotion and infrastructure. This can be done in the form of promotion programmes, positive discrimination hand holding and advocacy. indemnity initiatives seek to highlight basic SME skills in low cost production.SMEs have an impressive presence in service industry ranging from the simple and traditional organisations to the most modern and hi-tech ones. SMEs contribute not only in terms of quantitative factors such as output, employment, income, investment or exports but also in terms of qualitative factors viz the synergies they promote with large industry, their contribution towards balanced regional growth, their contribution in nurturing entrepreneurial spirit, innovation and in providing a nationwide pool of skilled and trained manpower.While the comparative advantage of SMEs are well acknowledged, SMEs also have their share of pros and cons which pr til nowt them from realising their full potential. They have to face some problems such as lack of proper guidance in the initial stages, lack of funds in the times of crisis, lack of proper marketing strategies, preposterous competition from big players, lack of access to latest technology, no proper infrastructure etc.Therefore, although new SMEs are emerging very rapidly worldwide, the sum up of SMEs closing down every year is also very high. Also because of the twin forces of globalization and free trade policy of WTO, there is a serious threat to the SMEs sector. It will have to reorient and reinvent itself to overcome these challenges. This can be done by restructuring the small scale organisat ions, and if nothing works, they have to be closed down. Closures are undesirable but sometimes they are advisable from the resource allocation point of view. Thus the high rate of entries and exits reflect the dynamical nature of this sector and also explains why it is seen as an industrial incubator.As mentioned earlier, SMEs play a very important role in the development of an economy, especially from the employment point of view. They are very effective for the generation of employment for both skilled as well as unskilled workers. Therefore excavate extensive countries should opt for SMEs. Even the underdeveloped or developing countries which are capital intensive and labour extensive, SMEs can be a great help. There has been increasing growth of SMEs worldwide in the recent past. The government of the developed and developing economies have been formulating policies which promote smooth working of the SMEs. SMEs have contributed significantly in the developed as well as devel oping countries.In the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland there are more than 16 million enterprises of which less than 1% comprise large companies while the rest are SMEs. Two thirds of the job opportunities are provided by SMEs in this region and the remaining one third of the job opportunities are by large companies. SMEs are considered the backbone of Asia Pacific region as they account for 90% of enterprises. They provide around 32% 48% of employment and their contribution to Gross domestic Product is around 60% 80% in individual Asia Pacific economies.Even in the United States, SMEs contribute greatly. It contributed at around 43% of the net employment opportunities from 1990 1994.SMEs are considered the engine of economic growth in both developed and developing countries not only because of low cost production but also because of low unit cost of persons employed as compared to large scale enterprises. Thus they provide a significant share of overall employment. Also SMEs assist in local and regional development by regional dispersion of economic activities, thus helps achieving bonnie and equitable distribution of wealth. SMEs not only contribute towards the GDP but also towards the export revenues.Although SMEs are at a disadvantage in terms of finance, technology, human resource development and networking SMEs involved in foreign trade are very dynamic. This may be due to its low-cost labour intensive nature of its products and since these units generally use indigenous raw-materials they have a positive effect on the trade balance. For example, SMEs in OECD member states produce about 26% of OECD countries exports, and about 35% of Asian exports. Also SMEs increase flexibility in the provision of services and the manufacture of a variety of consumer goods and competitiveness of the market place and thereby curb monopoly of large enterprises. All this leads to fostering of self-help and entrepreneurial culture by bringing together skil ls and capital through various lending and skill enhancement schemes. Thus SMEs not only enables an economy to maintain a reasonable growth rate but also imparts resilience to withstand economic upheavals.Chapter 5 Indias SME scenarioThe Indian Small and Medium enterprises sector formally known as the Small Scale Industries (SSI) has had a notable importance since the period of Mahatma Gandhi. SSIs were set up in the rural parts of India with a view to inculcate the habit of self reliance amongst the people. Later on, after independence, the SSI units were an important source of income to the people of India. Indian policy makers had noticed the importance of this self reliant industry and had always been striving hard for their progress.After achieving independence in 1947, India drafted and adopted the industrial Policy of 1948 which meant that the government would act as both an entrepreneur and also as a governing body. With the beginning of the planning of a free India in 1951, the role of SMEs has been earmarked specially.In its industrial policy, the government started announcing special schemes for the growth of the SMEs in India. It was in 1956, during the siemens Five Year Plan that the government announced the Second Industrial Policy, clearly stating the importance of the SME sector. This gave an impetus to the development of SMEs in a manner that made it possible for them to achieve the objectives ofHigh contribution to domestic production. meaningful export earnings.Low investment requirements.Operational flexibility.Low intensive imports.Capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology.Import substitution.Technology-oriented industries.Competitiveness in domestic and export marketsToday, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the ladder of progress for a nations economy, especially in case of developing countries. They contribute handsomely to the exports, the industrial base, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Produc t (GNP) of the nation. Small and medium enterprises help provide employment and various facilities to the society.In 2006, the Government of India passed an Act known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act (MSMEDA), 2006 to define SME sector of India. This Act defines micro, small and medium enterprises in India on the basis type of sector namely manufacturing and the service sector. In case of manufacturing sector, the size of the enterprise is decided on the basis of investment in plant and machinery. In case of service sector enterprise, the size is decided on the basis of investment in equipment required to set up the industry.Strategic Importance of Indian SMEsIn Indian economy, the SMEs occupy a place of strategic importance due to its contribution to the overall output, exports and employment. The total number of SMEs has been increasing rapidly. The total number of registered enterprises has been around 3million and has been increasing at an even fas

David Beckham :: Biography Biographies Bio

David BeckhamDavid Robert Joseph Beckham OBE (born May 2, 1975) is an English footballer born in Leytonstone, London. He is a midfielder for Real Madrid and captain of the English national team. He is noted for the quality of his crossing and ability to hit free-kicks and corners, particularly at long-range free-kicks and also for his marriage to a Spice Girl. He has played most of his career for Manchester unite. Although there are arguably many better current players in world football none are as famous.Manchester United 1995-2003Beckham first signed a YTS (youth training scheme) contract (this is similar to an apprenticeship) with United in 1991, and make his League debut in 1995, aged 19. The next year he helped the side to the Premiership and FA Cup trophies and to their dominance of domestic football. In the 1998-99 season, he was part of the United team that won the treble - Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League, a feat unprecedented in English football, which earned th e clubs manager, Alex Ferguson, a knighthood.In total, Beckham scored 86 goals in 397 games for Man United, a rate of roughly 2 goals every 9 games, highly commendable for a midfielder.Club CareerReal Madrid 2003-presentOn June 17, 2003, Beckham signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid of Spain, potentially worth up to 35 million (25 million, USD 41 million). Plus 2.Apart from benefiting from his football ability, this transfer gives the Spanish club an opportunity to profit from merchandising, especially in the Far East, where Beckham is enormously popular, and Manchester United have until now had the lions share of interest. It is probably no coincidence that Beckham was transferred just before Real started a far-eastern tour, but it would be very unfair to say that his marketing potential alone was the only reason out for his transfer. At the time of the announcement of his transfer to Real Madrid, Beckham and his wife (Victoria) were on a week-long tour of Japan, Vietnam, M alaysia, and Thailand promoting beauty products, chocolate, motor oil, and mobile phones, which it was reported would earn them more(prenominal) than the entire first year of his Real Madrid contract. (Western journalists are excluded from the Japanese press conferences organised by his sponsors because of the embarrassment they would cause him in the West.)He successfully completed the transfer on July 1 and was presented with the squad number of 23 on July 2.

My Play about an Old Persons Home :: Drama

Old Persons home, in this task I will be try to show how explorativestrategies are used in a humans of drama. This includes quiet down image,narration, role-play, cross cutting and marking the moment.5th July 1979Strange, that it is a Monday I have decided to start a diary. I havealways had nark getting up on Mondays dreading the day ahead. Ialways wanted just five minutes more after that damned alarm. Ofcourse w here(predicate) I am now they never let me lie in. With their foolishregulations, I could teach them a thing or two close regulations.Its unbeknownst to me why Im here, I shouldnt puzzle over it anylonger it would boil my brain.11th JulyAfter many days and nights in this establishment I finally apothegm someoneelse, like myself is unexplained to as why we are here. Peter, I thinkhe is a little loony haha, he believes we are here because we are athreat to the government, says he knows things that if the Russiansgot we wouldnt be here for long. Aha I think hes had too man y dosesof their magic medicine. Course I dont trust that lucid anythingthat looks like all the colours of the spectrum cannot be good foryou.18th JulyToday I managed to speak to Peter for a few minutes he wasnt makesense today and was belted in to his wheelchair almost like arestraint which is queer for a one legged man. He was talk well-nighChurchill and Hitler and WW two, I couldnt hear any full sentences,and he trailed off when that trunch-bull of a nurse came to take himback to his room. He did get me thinking about my experiences in thewar. A chill runs down my spine every time I think about that time atWolf Castle. The village around it still is a ghost town as far as Imconcerned and I do not wish to think about it anymore. Till the day Idie.1st AugustIt seems me and peter almost served together at Wolf Castle. He wouldhave reached it and we would have met forty years ago if it wasnt forthat minefield. Thats how he lost his leg you see althoughunfortunately he does know abo ut the atrocities that happened there.Least he didnt see them first hand.3rd AugustPeter was talking about Castle again. I tried to explain to him Ididnt want to hear but you know peter always babbling on about pasttimes. He knew my Captain.This room is far too white for my old eyes all I can see is white, I

The Policies of Olivares and the Problems of Spain :: Olivares Spain Foreign Policies Essays

The Policies of Olivares and the Problems of SpainIntroductionThe view is rapidly gaining currency that not only did Olivares policies for Spain and its empire not differ markedly from those of precedent Spanish statesmen, but that by and large the results of his manifold endeavours were both few and modest.This infering of the historiography of Olivares effectiveness from Israel, makes Olivares look unoriginal and ineffectual. However other historians, such as Elliott have been far more sympathetic. the first and the last ruler of Hapsburg Spain who had the breadth of vision to devise plans on a grand scale for the future of a world-wide monarchy a statesman whose capacity for conceiving great designs was matched only by his consistent incapacity for carrying them through to a successful conclusion.Were Olivares policies a realistic way appear of Spains difficulties or did they aggravate the situation? To understand this I am going to look at both Olivares foreign policy and dome stic policy. within foreign policy I propose to see how far Olivares pushed the reputacin of the state before domestic crises forced him to seek peace. Among others the best areas to examine would be Olivares policies during the Thirty Years War from 1622 the Mantuan War 1628-31 and the great revolts of Catalonia and Portugal in 1640. As for domestic policy I will need to look at Olivares sign reforms of 1623, why they fell through and the effect this had. Furthermore it is important to look at the areas where domestic policy coincides with foreign policy (in a defensive sense) in the Great Memorial, including the Union of Arms. I will also have to find out if Olivares policies were consistent, or whether they became more and more drastic during his term of office. Firstly though, to understand if the policies were realistic or not, I will have to look into the real problems of Spain. Where exactly did these problems lie and what areas required alteration to keep Spain afloat? Fro m this point I will go on to see the policies in action and from this I will gather whether or not they were realistic.1. The problems with SpainOn an international scale, Spain between 1580 and 1620 was at the crest of her wealth and power. Her supremacy was the dread of all other nations, and therefore its destruction was the cherished object of statesmen for a century.

Effects of Biological and Chemical Warfare Essay examples -- Biologica

The gas instantly ca apply severe burning in their throats and lung. The men clutched their chests, coughed, and gasped for breath. Attempts to screen out themselves from the gas were largely futile. M each tried to burrow their noses and mouths or to cover them with cloth, but the moist, dense poison penetrated everything (Taylor 17). Those were the effects of chlorine quoted by an eyewitness. The gases and biologic agents used against people in war be very cruel. They cause lots of deaths in short periods of time, leaving indestructible effects wherever they argon unleashed. These weapons are very volatile and in small doses can cause mass destruction worldwide. No matter how they are used, they still leave a lasting effect on the planet and the inhabitants of it. Over the course of time, biological and chemical weapons kick in been used to take over the battlefield, but the future effects of these have not been considered.Biological weapons are pathogenic microbes including v iruses, bacteria, rickettsia, toxins, and any other living agent that is harmful to living things (McCarthy 1). The major difference between chemical and biological weapons is that chemicals injure directly, and biological agents injure indirectly through disease (McCarthy 1). Pathogens are categorized by how they are delivered (McCarthy 1). The majority of pathogens can be carried by any agricultural pest, insect, tick, rodent, or flea (McCarthy 1). Contact diseases include Ebola, dengue fever fever, smallpox, yellow fever, and plague (McCarthy 1). Water and food borne diseases include dysentery, E coli, Salmonella, cholera, and typhoid (Hutchinson 237).Viral pathogens include smallpox, equine, dengue fever, yellow fever, and psittacosis (Hutchinson 238). Ebola is passed... ...gents, each with the ability to cause disease that spreads throughout the world, killing many people, and only stoppable with certain antibiotics or vaccines. There are numerous chemical agents used during the past wars of the world, some so deadly that they were disapproved, and some were even so inhumane that the people who used them rebelled against using them. As these weapons become more used, the less it seems that people care about the effects that they cause, and many people could therefore suffer greatly at the moment or in the future because of someones mistake. There are weapons of these being built that significantly surpass the protection levels in the world currently, and one unforesightful slip could be disastrous for all. Perhaps someday everyone will realize the dangers of these weapons, or they will keep using them, dooming all people to a horrific death.

Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

APhysical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states California, atomic number 42, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through with(predicate) acquisition. The awing growth see by the comp each has also shined the light on most growing pains. Each of the four locations look at independently managed net profits including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that drive independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the constitution. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to fall overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The localise of this paper ordain be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describ e the services available. In addition opportunities to leverage existing investments and precipitate cost go out be identified. BNetwork Commonality and VarianceAccording to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The molybdenum and Ohio office locations occurrently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much disparagement has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBXs, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing other facility first. trustworthy components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. IIReferences VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business AnalysisAPhysical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experi enced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to leverage existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. BNetwork Commonality and VarianceAccording to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies amo ng the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBXs, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. IIReferences VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP

Style Controversy :: Writing Styles Style Essays

Style ControversyUpon completion of the both stylebooks, Strunk and White and Williams, I have found that style is much more than than whatever one sees fit for themselves. This is true at least for essay piece of writing not inevitably creative writing. As with other debated subjects where guidelines are drawn as to what constitutes a good work of art, film, or music, writing has guidelines which good compositions fit into and can indeed be compared and contrasted with other works. That is not to say at that place is one way to do any essay but there are parameters which must be met and set for a paper to be critiqued. S&W would like to set up a correct way to do everything according to them there is only one right way and everything else is wrong. This authoritarian point of view on writing is scary but some of the things they say are poignant. For face when they speak of participle phrases, as I have mentioned in my first blog writing, they tell and show h ow to do this correctly and it is easily implemented. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject (13). To someone who understands what a participial phrase is along with what and where the grammatical subject of a sentence is this makes sense. It is clear, concise, and effective one can quickly look to the rule for quote and continue on with their paper. When looking for quick reference on how to fix grammar mistakes this is a good way to go about finding answers but not for a stylebook. There needs to be more discussion. It would be nice to say that good style is just correct grammar and word usage but its not so. Williams knows this and blatantly points this out in his preface of the book. He acknowledges that his book is different from stylebooks in the past mentioning that this book is not for everyone. Williams divulges secrets of the trade in an interesting although sometimes hard to grasp conversation with th e reader on all subjects of writing. This does include grammatical problems and word usage concerns but Williams explains both sides and shows how at times both good and bad aspects of writing can be right depending on the context it is used in.